Oracle Server 9i
Quick Reference Guide
Disclaimer 2
Oracle Architecture 3
Instance 4
Database 8
Database Utilities 9
Tablespaces, Datafiles & Segments 10
Logfiles 11
Tables, Constraints & Triggers 12
Views, Synonyms & Sequences 14
Clusters 14
Index-organized Tables 15
Indexes 15
Undo Management 16
Temporary Segments 16
Users, Privileges, Resources & Policies 17
Auditing 18
Net Services 18
Recovery Manager 20
Distributed DB, Replication, Heterogenous Services, Advanced Queuing & Data Warehousing 22
Real Application Clusters 24
Globalization Support 26
SQL*Plus 27
Data Types (PL/SQL & Database) 28
SQL, PL/SQL & Java 30
Embedded SQL 34
SQLJ 36
Label Security 37
Performance 37
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Copyright © 2000-2004 Dr. Lars Ditzel Database Management
Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
2
Dr. Lars Ditzel Database Management • Ringstraße 23a • 65824 Schwalbach • Germany
Phone/Fax +49 (6196) 889739-0/5 • Mobile +49 (160) 94651446 • info@larsditzel.de
This document is nothing official by Oracle Corporation. Oracle holds all rights on its documentation. Certain terms are registered trademarks.
This quick reference guide is some kind of outgrown cheat-sheet for all of us with limited supply of system memory. It enables quick lookup of syntax for statements which one might need less frequently in daily work. So the major goal of this document is compaction, not clarity. Some syntax options only work under certain circumstances, some options exclude each other. This behaviour is intentionally not reflected to avoid proliferation
of similar statements. Be aware of your actions! The author disclaims liability for errors within this document and subsequent mistakes that might harm your database. In case of uncertainties please refer to Oracle’s excellent original documentation, which can be found online at the Oracle Technology Network (otn.oracle.com) – comprising several hundred megabytes meanwhile – or contact Oracle Customer
Support. In any quick reference guide there is also no room for discussing concepts and techniques. If you do not know where to start just read the Oracle Database Concepts Guide which is very concise. Advanced discussions
can be found elsewhere, my favourite resource being asktom.oracle.com. Oracle Guru Thomas Kyte has also written excellent books on techniques and best practices. Other invaluable repositories are the sites of Jonathan Lewis (www.jlcomp.demon.co.uk) and of Steve Adams (www.ixora.com.au). Not to forget that lots of technical whitepapers can be found at Oracle’s Technet.
This reference uses a modified Backus-Naur Form syntax which is adapted from the Oracle online documentation. Optional parts are enclosed in square brackets [], a list of items is enclosed in curly braces {}, alternatives within brackets or braces are separated by a vertical bar |. Keywords appear in regular style and are not case-sensitive in most OS. Placeholders
for input data are enclosed in brackets <> with corresponding default values underlined. A comma followed by an ellipsis inclosed in square brackets [, …] indicates that the preceding
syntactic element may be repeated. An ellipsis without preceding comma … indicates that the corresponding syntactic elements have been specified beforehand.
Each section commonly starts with dynamic performance views and static data dictionary views (only DBA variants listed) and – occasionally
– tables. Initialization parameters follow as well as database packages and important
files or processes. Then comes a list of performance tuning measures and desupported
or deprecated features. The main part of each section is comprised of SQL statements grouped by functionality. The final section may state utilities if any exist.
Changes from Releases 8i to 9i are colored blue for new features or red for obsolete features. Some features of Server9i Release 2 have been added without another special color highlighting than blue but I did not scan the whole Release 2 documentation yet. And probably
it will not take too long until Server10i shows up…
Outdated syntax has not been removed most of the time as one eventually comes across databases
running older releases of Oracle Server. – One of my customers still uses Server7.
Any suggestions and corrections to improve this guide are welcome.
Disclaimer
Copyright © 2000-2004 Dr. Lars Ditzel Database Management
www.larsditzel.de
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 3
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4 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Background Processes (v$bgprocess)
ARC<n>, CJQ0, J<nnn>, CKPT, DBW<n>, DIAG, DMON, EMN0, LCK<n>*, LGWR, LMD0*, LMON*, LMS<n>*, LNSV, LSP0, MRP0, NSV0, PMON, QMN<n>, RECO, RLAP, RSM0, SMON, RFS<n>BSP<n>*, SNP<n> << obsolete
* RAC processes
Failure of LGWR (Err 470), CKPT (470), DBW<n> (471), ARC<n> (473), SMON (474) or RECO (476) lead to termination of instance by PMON. Failure of PMON leads to termination of instance by DBW<n> (Err 472).
Failed SNP<n> processes are restarted by PMON.
Foreground Processes
D<nnn>, S<nnn>, P<nnn>
Views & Tables
v$fixed_table, v$fixed_view_definition, v$indexed_fixed_column, v$instance, v$sga, v$sgastat, v$pgastat, v$session, v$process, v$bgprocess, v$version, product_component_version, v$license, v$option, v$access, v$timer, v$parameter, v$parameter2, v$spparameter, v$system_parameter, v$system_parameter2, v$obsolete_parameter, v$sql, v$sqlarea, v$sqltext, v$sqltext_with_newlines, v$sql_cursor,
v$sql_bind_data, v$sql_bind_metadata,
v$sql_shared_memory, v$sql_plan, v$sql_workarea, v$sql_workarea_active, v$librarycache, v$rowcache, v$rowcache_parent,
v$rowcache_subordinate, v$open_cursor, v$object_dependency, v$db_object_cache, v$shared_pool_reserved, v$bh, x$bh, v$cache, v$subcache, v$buffer_pool, v$buffer_pool_statistics, v$db_cache_advice, v$statistics_level,
v$filestat, v$tempstat, v$sysstat, v$sesstat, v$mystat, v$statname, v$waitstat, v$latch, v$latchname, v$latchholder, v$latch_parent, v$latch_children, v$event_name, v$system_event, v$session_event, v$session_wait, v$sess_io, v$segment_statistics, v$segstat, v$segstat_name, v$circuit, v$queue, v$shared_server, v$shared_server_monitor, v$dispatcher, v$dispatcher_rate, v$reqdist, v$queue, v$lock, v$enqueue_lock, v$enqueue_stat, v$locked_object, v$global_blocked_locks, dba_locks, dba_lock, dba_lock_internal, v$session_connect_
info, v$session_longops, v$system_cursor_
cache, v$session_cursor_cache, v$session_object_cache, v$bsp, v$px_session, v$px_sesstat, v$px_process, v$px_process_sysstat,
v$pq_sesstat, v$pq_slave, v$pq_sysstat, v$pq_tqstat, v$execution, v$mls_parameters, deptree, session_context
Parameters (init<sid>.ora)
spfile, ifile, instance_name, service_names, db_block_size, sga_max_size, db_cache_size, db_keep_cache_size, db_recycle_cache_size, db_<n>k_cache_size, db_cache_advice, shared_pool_size, log_buffer, large_pool_size, java_pool_size, shared_pool_reserved_size, pre_page_sga, sessions, processes, user_dump_dest, background_dump_dest, max_dump_file_size, local_listener, remote_listener, mts_service, circuits, dispatchers, max_dispatchers,
shared_servers, max_shared_servers, shared_server_sessions, dbwr_io_slaves, remote_os_authent, os_authent_prefix, dml_locks, enqueue_resources, parallel_automatic_
tuning, parallel_min_servers, parallel_
max_servers, parallel_min_percent, parallel_
adaptive_multi_user, parallel_threads_per_cpu, parallel_execution_message_size, parallel_
broadcast_enabled, oracle_trace_enable, oracle_trace_collection_{name | path | size}, oracle_trace_facility_{name | path}, java_soft_sessionspace_limit, java_max_sessionspace_
size, lock_sga, shared_memory_address, hi_shared_memory_address, object_cache_optimal_
size, object_cache_max_size_percent, serial_reuse, session_max_open_files, timed_os_statistics, cursor_sharing, drs_start
Packages
DBMS_SYSTEM set_sql_trace_in_session
DBMS_SUPPORT mysid, {start | stop}_trace, {start | stop}_trace_in_session
DBMS_SESSION set_sql_trace, {set | clear}_identifier,
{set | list | clear}_context, set_role, set_nls, is_role_enabled, is_session_alive, unique_session_id, close_database_link, reset_package, modify_package_state, switch_current_consumer_group, free_unused_
user_memory, set_close_cached_open_cursors
DBMS_SHARED_POOL keep, unkeep, sizes
DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO set_module, set_action, set_client_info, read_module, read_client_info
Files
dbmspool.sql, dbmssupp.sql, catparr.sql, utldtree.sql
Tuning/Contention
Statistics classes:1 User, 2 Redo, 4 Enqueue, 8 Cache, 16 OS, 32 RAC, 64 SQL, 128 Debug
Buffer cache: «Cache Hit Ratio» (v$sysstat) or per pool (v$buffer_pool_statistics)1 – («physical reads» / («db block gets» + «consistent gets»)) < 90–95% -> increase «db_block_buffers» or «buffer_pool_keep», «buffer_pool_recycle»
Shared pool: «Shar. Cursors» (v$librarycache) gethitratio for SQL AREA < 99%
Library cache: sum(reloads) / sum(pins) > 1% (v$librarycache)
Dict. cache: sum(getmisses) / sum(gets) > 15% (v$rowcache) -> increase «shared_pool_size»
LRU latch: «cache buffers lru chain» (v$latch) misses / gets > 1% -> increase «db_block_lru_latches» (max. CPU * 2 or BUFFERS / 50)
Redo buffer: «redo%retries» (v$sysstat)
PGA: «%ga memory%» (v$sysstat), «sorts%» (v$sysstat), sorts (v$sqlarea), «workarea%
» (v$sysstat, v$sesstat), v$pgastat, v$sql_workarea, v$sql_workarea_active, pga_%_mem (v$process)
Deprecated Features
v$mts
db_block_buffers, buffer_pool_keep, buffer_
pool_recycle, mts_circuits, mts_dispatchers,
mts_max_dispatchers, mts_servers, mts_sessions
utlbstat.sql, utlestat.sql
Desupported Features
v$recent_bucket, v$current_bucket, db_block_lru_latches, use_indirect_data_buffers, db_block_lru_extended_statistics, db_block_lru_statistics, lock_sga_areas, shared_pool_reserved_
min_alloc, parallel_server_idle_time, parallel_transaction_resource_timeout, parallel_
min_message_pool, mts_rate_log_size, mts_rate_scale, mts_max_serversInstance
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 5
Parameters
show parameter[s] <string>
alter system set <param> [=] <value>[comment ‘<text>’] [deferred] [scope = {memory | spfile | both} ][sid = { ‘<sid>’ | ‘*’ } ];
alter system reset <param>[scope = {memory | spfile | both} ][sid = { ‘<sid>’ | ‘*’ } ];
Static Initialization Parameters
active_instance_count = <n>, audit_file_dest = <dir>, audit_trail = {none | false | db | true | os}, background_core_dump = {full | partial}, bitmap_merge_area_size = <1m>, blank_trimming
= {true | false}, buffer_pool_{keep | recycle} = {<n> | (buffers: <n>, lru_latches: <n>} << deprecated, circuits = <n>, cluster_database
= {true | false}, cluster_database_instances = <n>, cluster_interconnects = <ip>[:<ip>…], commit_point_strength = <n>, compatible = <x.x.x>, control_files = (“<file>” [, …]), cpu_count = <n>, create_bitmap_area_size = <8m>, cursor_space_for_time = {true | false}, db_block_buffers = <n> << deprecated, db_block_size = <2048>, db_domain = <str>, {db | log}_file_name_convert = (‘prim’, ‘stdby’ [, …]), db_files = <200>, db_name = <str>, db_writer_processes = <1>, dblink_encrypt_
login = {true | false}, dbwr_io_slaves = <0>, disk_asynch_io = {true | false}, distributed_
transactions = <n>, gc_files_to_locks = ‘<f#>[-<f#>]=<n>[!<B>][r][each][: …]’ << disables Cache Fusion, hi_shared_memory_address
= <0>, ifile = <file>, instance_groups = <gr> [, …], instance_name = <sid>, instance_number = <n>, java_max_sessionspace_
size = <0>, java_pool_size = <20k>, java_soft_sessionspace_limit = <0>, large_pool_size = <n>, local_listener = <serv>, lock_name_space = <name>, lock_sga = {true | false}, log_archive_format = <fmt>, log_archive_start = {true | false}, log_buffer = <n>, logmnr_max_persistent_sessions = <1>, max_commit_propagation_delay = <700>, max_dispatchers = <5>, max_enabled_roles = <20>, max_shared_servers = <n>, o7_dictionary_
accessibility = {true | false}, open_cursors = <50>, open_links = <4>, open_links_per_instance
= <4>, optimizer_features_enable = <9.0.0>, oracle_trace_collection_name = <name>, oracle_trace_collection_path = <dir>, oracle_trace_collection_size = <n>, oracle_trace_facility_name = {oracled, oraclee, oraclesm, oraclec}, oracle_trace_facility_path = <dir>, os_authent_prefix = <OPS$>, os_roles = {true, false}, parallel_automatic_tuning = {true | false}, parallel_execution_message_size = <n>, parallel_max_servers = <n>, parallel_
min_servers = <0>, pre_page_sga = {true | false}, processes = <n>, rdbms_server_dn = <x.500>, read_only_open_delayed = {true | false}, recovery_parallelism = <n>, remote_archive_
enable = {true | false}, remote_listener = <serv>, remote_login_passwordfile = {none | shared | exclusive}, remote_os_authent = {true | false}, remote_os_roles = {true | false}, replication_
dependency_tracking = {true | false}, rollback_segments = (<rbs> [, …]), row_locking
= {always | default | intent}, serial_reuse = {disable | select | sml | plsql | all}, session_max_open_files = <10>, sessions = <(1.1*proc)+5>, sga_max_size = <n>, shadow_core_dump = {partial | full}, shared_memory_address = <0>, shared_pool_reserved_size = <5%SP>, shared_server_sessions = <n>, spfile = <file>, sql92_security = {true | false}, sql_trace = {true | false}, tape_asynch_io = {true | false}, thread = <n>, transactions_per_rollback_segment = <5>, undo_management = {manual | auto}, util_file_dir = <dir>
Dynamic Initialization Parameters
aq_tm_processes = <n>, archive_lag_target = <n>, background_dump_dest = ‘<dir>’, backup_
tape_io_slaves = {true | false}, control_file_record_keep_time = <7>, core_dump_dest = ‘<dir>’, db_{2|4|8|16|32}k_cache_size = <0>, db_block_checking = {true | false}, db_block_checksum = {true | false}, db_cache_advice = {on | ready | off}, db_cache_size = <48m>, db_{keep | recycle}_cache_size = <0m>, dispatchers = ‘{ (protocol = <prot>) | (description
= (address =…) ) | (address = (protocol = <prot>) (host = <node>) (port = <port>) )} (connections = <n>) (dispatchers = <1>) (index = <n>) (listener = <list>) ( {pool | multiplex} = {1 | on | yes | true | both | ({in | out} = <n>) | 0 | off | no | false | <n>}) (ticks = <15>) (service = <serv>) (presentation = {ttc | oracle.aurora.server.{SGiopServer | GiopServer}
})’, drs_start = {true | false}, fal_client = <serv>, fal_server = <serv>, fast_start_io_target = <n> << deprecated, fast_start_mttr_target = <0>, fast_start_parallel_rollback = {hi | lo | false}, fixed_date = <date>, global_context_
pool_size = <1m>, hs_autoregister = {true | false}, job_queue_processes = <0>, license_max_sessions = <0>, license_max_users
= <0>, license_sessions_warning = <0>, log_archive_dest = <dir>, log_archive_duplex_
dest = <dir>, log_archive_max_processes = <1>, log_archive_trace = <0>, log_checkpoint_
interval = <bl>, log_checkpoint_timeout
= <sec>, log_checkpoints_to_alert = {true | false}, parallel_adaptive_multi_user = {true | false}, parallel_threads_per_cpu = <n>, pga_aggregate_target = <0>, plsql_native_c_compiler = <path>, plsql_native_library_dir = <dir>, plsql_native_library_subdir_count = <0>, plsql_native_linker = <path>, plsql_native_
make_file_name = <path>, plsql_native_make_utility = <path>, resource_limit = {true | false}, resource_manager_plan = <plan>, service_
names = <serv> [, …], shared_pool_size = <16/64m>, shared_servers = <0/1>, standby_archive_dest = <path>, standby_file_management
= {manual | auto}, trace_enabled = {true | false}, transaction_auditing = {true | false}, undo_retention = <900>, undo_tablespace = <ts>, user_dump_dest = <dir>
Session Scope Dynamic Init. Parameters
alter session set <param> [=] <value>;
cursor_sharing = {similar | exact | force}, db_block_checking, db_create_file_dest = ‘<dir>’, db_create_online_log_dest_<1-5> = ‘<dir>’, db_file_multiblock_read_count = <8>, global_names = {true | false}, hash_area_size = <n>, hash_join_enabled = {true | false}, log_archive_dest_<1-10> = {location = <path> | service = <serv>} [optional | mandatory] [[no]reopen [=<300>]] [arch | lgwr] [synch | async = <n>] [[no]affirm] [[no]delay [= <30>]] [[no]dependency] [[no]alternate [= <dest>]] [[no]max_failure [= <n>] [[no]quota_size [= <n>] [[no]quota_used] [[no]register [= <loc>]], log_archive_dest_state_<1-10> = {enable
| defer | alternate}, log_archive_min_succeed_
dest = <1>, max_dump_file_size = {<n> | unlimited}, nls_calendar = ‘<cal>’, nls_comp = {binary | ansi}, nls_currency = <curr>, nls_date_format = ‘<fmt>’, nls_date_language
= <lang>, nls_dual_currency = <curr>, nls_iso_currency = <terr>, nls_language = <lang>, nls_length_semantics = {byte | char}, nls_nchar_conv_excp = {true | false}, nls_numeric_
characters = <sep>, nls_sort = {binary | <ling>}, nls_territory = <terr>, nls_time_format
= ‘<fmt>’, nls_timestamp_format = ‘<fmt>’, nls_timestamp_tz_format = ‘<fmt>’, nls_time_tz_format = ‘<fmt>’, object_cache_max_size_percent = <10>, object_cache_optimal_
size = <n>, optimizer_index_caching = <0>, optimizer_index_cost_adj = <100>, optimizer_max_permutations = <80000>, optimizer_
mode = {first_rows_{1|10|100|1000} | first_rows | all_rows | choose | rule}, oracle_trace_enable = {true | false}, parallel_broadcast_enabled = {true | false}, parallel_instance_
group = <gr>, parallel_min_percent = <0>, partition_view_enabled = {true | false}, plsql_compiler_flags = {[debug | non_debug], [interpreted | normal]}, plsql_v2_compatibility
= {true | false}, query_rewrite_enabled = {true | false}, query_rewrite_integrity = {stale_tolerated | trusted | enforced}, remote_dependencies_mode = {timestamp | signature}, session_cached_cursors = <0>, sort_area_retained_
size = <n>, sort_area_size = <65536>, star_transformation_enabled = {temp_disable | true | false}, statistics_level = {typical | basic | all}, timed_os_statistics = <0>, timed_statistics = {true | false}, tracefile_identifier = ‘<id>’, undo_suppress_errors = {true | false}, workarea_
size_policy = {auto | manual}
Session Parameters Only
constraint[s] = {immediate | deferred | default}, create_stored_outlines = {true | false | ‘<cat>’} [nooverride], current_schema = <schema>, error_
on_overlap_time = {true | false}, flagger = {entry | immediate | full | off}, instance = <n>, isolation_level = {serializable | read committed},
plsql_debug = {true | false}, skip_unusable_
indexes = {true | false}, sql_trace = {true | false}, time_zone = {‘<{+|-}hh:mi>’ | local | dbtimezone | ‘<tz_region>’}, use_{private |
Instance (cont.)
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6 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
stored}_outlines = {true | false | ‘<cat>’}
Hidden Initialization Parameters
_system_trig_enabled, _log_simultaneous_
copies, _log_io_size
Deprecated Initialization Parameters
mts_dispatchers, mts_servers%_area%_size <<for dedicated server cofigurations
Obsolete Initialization Parameters
job_queue_interval, db_block_max_dirty_target,
hash_multiblock_io_count = <n>
Events
{ alter system set event = | alter session set events [=] } ‘<dbg_evt> trace name context {forever, level <n> | off}’
alter session set events [=] { ‘immediate trace name { heapdump | blockdump | treedump | controlf | systemstate | buffers } level <n>’ | ‘<oerr> trace name errorstack level <n> [; name processstate level <n>]’ }
Debug events10015 (rollback), 10046 (process), 10049, 10051, 10053, 10210, 10211, 10212, 10231, 10232, 10235, 10248 (dispatcher), 10249 (shared server + dispatcher), 10257 (pmon), 10262, 10289 (hex dump), 10297 (oid caching), 10325 (control), 10408 (block keywords), 10520 (avoid invalidations), 10619 (compatibility), 19027 (ctxxpath),
29700 (v$ges_convert% views), 30441
oradebug { help [cmd]| setmypid| setospid <ospid>| setorapid <orapid> [‘force’]| dump <dump> <lev> [addr]| dumpsga [bytes]| dumplist| event <evt>| session_event <evt>| dumpvar {p | s | uga} <var> [lev]| setvar {p | s | uga} <var> <val>| peek <addr> <len> [lev]| poke <addr> <len> <val>| wakeup <orapid>| suspend| resume| flush| close_trace| tracefile_name| lkdebug| nsdbx| -G {<inst> | def | all}| -R {<inst> | def | all}| setinst {“<inst> [, …]” | all}| sgatofile <”path”>| dmpcowsga <”path”>| mapcowsga <”path”>| hanganalyze [level]| ffbegin| ffderegister| ffterminst| ffresumeinst| ffstatus| core| ipc| unlimit| procstat| call <func> [<arg> , …] }
Instance (cont.)
Instance Startup/Shutdownstartup[force] [restrict] [pfile=<par>] [ nomount | [exclusive | parallel [retry] | shared [retry]]{ mount [<db>] | open [read {only | write [recover]} | recover] [<db>] } ]shutdown[ normal | transactional [local] | immediate | abort ]
alter database [<db>]{ mount [ {standby | clone} database] [exclusive | parallel] << obsolete| dismount| open [read only | [read write] [resetlogs | noresetlogs] ]| close [normal | immediate] };
Instance Modification
alter system {enable | disable} restricted session;
alter system {quiesce restricted | unquiesce};
alter system {suspend | resume};
alter system kill session ‘<SID>,<Serial#>’ [immediate];
alter system disconnect session ‘<SID>,<Serial#>’[post_transaction | immediate];
alter system shutdown [immediate] ‘D<nnn>’;
alter system register;
alter system flush shared_pool;
Utilities
orapwd file=<file> password=<pwd> entries=<n>
oradim–{new | edit | delete | startup | shutdown}–{sid <SID> | srvc <serv>} –newsid <SID>–usrpwd <pwd> –intpwd <pwd> –maxusers <n> –startmode {a | m} –shutmode {a | i | n} –{starttype | shuttype} {srvc | inst | srvc, inst}–pfile <par> –timeout <n>
tkprof <trc> <out> [explain=<user>/<pwd>@<netserv>] [table=<tab>] [print=<n>] [sys=no] [insert=<file>] [record=<file>] [aggregate=<n>] [sort=<opt>]
otrcfmt
oemctl { {start | stop | status | ping} oms [<user>/<pwd>] | {start | stop} paging [<host> <name>] | {enable | disable
| dump | export | import} eventhandler [<file>]| {import | export} registry [<file>] <user>/<pwd>@<repalias> | configure rws }
oemapp {console | dataguard}
vppcntl –start
vtm
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Database Locks (v$lock)
modes0 - none, 1 - null (NULL), 2 - row share (SS), 3 - row exclusive (SX), 4 - share (S), 5 - share row exclusive (SSX), 6 - exclusive
(X)
user types and namesTM dml enqueue, TX transaction enqueue, UL user-defined lock
system types and namesBL buffer hash table, CF control file transaction,
CI cross-instance call invocation, CU cursor bind, DF data file, DL direct loader parallel index creation, DM database
mount, DR distributed recovery, DX distributed transaction, FS file set, HW space management operation, IN instance number, IR instance recovery, IS instance state, IV library cache invalidation, JQ job queue, KK redo thread kick, L[A-P] library cache lock, MM mount definition,
MR media recovery, N[A-Z] library cache pin, PF password file, PI/PS parallel operation, PR process startup, Q[A-Z] row cache, RT redo thread, SC system commit number, SM smon, SN sequence number, SQ sequence number enqueue, SS sort segment,
ST space transaction, SV sequence number value, TA generic enqueue, TS temporary segment (ID2=0) or new block allocation (ID2=1), TT temporary table, UN user name, US undo segment ddl, WL being-written redo log, XA instance registration attribute lock, XI instance registration lock
Instance (cont.)
Table Locks (TM)
SQL Statement
Mode Acquired
Additional Mode Allowed?
Row Locks?
RS
RX
S
SRX
X
select
none
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
select … for update
RS
Y*
Y*
Y*
Y*
N
X
lock table … in row share mode
RS
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
insert
RX
Y
Y
N
N
N
X
update
RX
Y*
Y*
N
N
N
X
delete
RX
Y*
Y*
N
N
N
X
lock table … in row exclusive mode
RX
Y
Y
N
N
N
lock table … in share mode
S
Y
N
Y
N
N
lock table … in share row exclusive mode
SRX
Y
N
N
N
N
lock table … in exclusive mode
X
N
N
N
N
N
RS = SS (subshare), RX = SX (subexclusive), SRX = SSX (share-subexclusive)
* waits occur for conflicting row locks of concurrent transactions
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8 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Data Guard CLI
dgmgrl [-silent] [-xml] [-debug] [-echo]
connect <user>/<pwd>@<service>
startup [restrict] [force] [pfile=<file>] [nomount | mount [<db>] | open [read {only | write} ] ]
shutdown {normal | immediate | abort}
show { configuration [verbose] [‘<prop>’] | site [verbose] ‘<site>’ [‘<prop>’] | resource [verbose] ‘<res>’ [‘<prop>’] [on site ‘<site>’] | dependency tree | log [alert] [latest] on site ‘<site>’ };
enable { configuration | site ‘<site>’ | resource ‘<res>’ [on site ‘<site>’] };
disable { configuration | site ‘<site>’ | resource ‘<res>’ [on site ‘<site>’] };
alter { configuration set state = ‘[online | offline]’ | site ‘<site>’ set { state = ‘[online | offline]’| auto pfile = ‘<pfile>’ [off] }| resource ‘<res>’ [on site ‘<site>’] set { state = ‘<state>’ | property ‘<prop>’ = ‘<val>’ };
create { configuration ‘<conf>’ as primary site is ‘<prim>’ | site ‘<site>’ }resource is ‘<res>’ hostname is ‘<host>’ instance name is ‘<inst>’ service name is ‘<serv>’ site is maintained as physical;
remove { configuration ‘<conf>’ | site ‘<site>’ };
Other Utilities
dbassist
dbca
Views & Tables
v$database, v$controlfile, v$controlfile_record_
section, v$deleted_object, v$compatibility, v$compatseg, v$timezone_names, dictionary, dict_columns, dba_catalog, dba_objects, dba_object_size, dba_keepsizes, dba_analyze_objects, props$, database_properties,
database_compatible_level
Parameters
db_create_file_dest, db_create_online_log_dest_<n>, undo_tablespace, cluster_database, control_files, db_name, db_domain, db_files, compatible, read_only_open_delayed
Files
catalog.sql, catproc.sql, utlrp.sql, utlip.sql, utlirp.sql, utlconst.sql, utlincmpt.sql, utldst.sql, timezone.dat, timezlrg.dat, catlg803.sql, u0703040.sql, r0703040.sql, u080<n>0<n>0.sql, r08000<n>0.sql, d080<n>0<n>.sql
Tuning/Contention
phyrds, phywrts (v$filestat)Database
DB Creation
create database [<db>] [datafile ‘<file>’ [, …] size <n> [reuse][autoextend {on | off} [next <1xBS> maxsize {<n> | unlimited}] ]][logfile [group <n>] (‘<log>’ [, …] ) size <n> [reuse] [, [group <n>] (‘<log>’ [, …] ) size <n> [reuse] ] … ][default temporary tablespace <ts> [tempfile ‘<file>’] [extent management local] [uniform [size <1> [k | m]] ]][undo tablespace <SYS_UNDOTBS> [datafile ‘<file>’ [autoextend…] [, …] ]][controlfile reuse] [maxdatafiles <n>] [maxinstances <n>] [maxlogfiles <n>] [maxlogmembers <n>] [maxloghistory <n>] [character set {<charset> | <UTF8> | <UTFE> | <AL32UTF8>} ] [national character set {<UTF8> | <AL16UTF16>} ] [set time_zone = { ‘<{+|-}hh:mi>’ | ‘<time_zone_region>’ } ][set standby database {protected | unprotected} ] [archivelog | noarchivelog] [exclusive];
DB Modification
alter database [<db>] rename global_name to <db>;
alter database [<db>] default temporary tablespace <ts>;
alter system set undo_tablespace = <new_ts>;
alter database [<db>] convert;
alter database [<db>] reset compatibility;
alter database [<db>] [national] character set <new_char>;
alter database [<db>] set {dblow = <str> | dbhigh = <str> | dbmac {on | off} };
create controlfile [‘<ctrl>‘] [reuse] set database <db> [datafile…] [logfile…] … [[no]resetlogs];
create spfile [= ‘<spfile>’] from pfile [= ‘<pfile>’];
create pfile [= ‘<pfile>’] from spfile [= ‘<spfile>’];
alter database [<db>] backup controlfile to { ‘<file>’ [reuse] | trace [resetlogs | noresetlogs] };
alter database [<db>] create standby controlfile as ‘<file>’ [reuse];
alter database [<db>] set standby database {protected | unprotected};
alter database [<db>] commit to switchover to [physical] {primary | standby} [wait | nowait];
alter database [<db>] activate [physical] standby database [skip [standby logfile]];
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 9
Database Utilities
Views & Tables
v$loadcstat, v$loadistat, v$loadpstat, v$loadtstat, dba_exp_files, dba_exp_objects, dba_exp_version, sys.incexp, sys.incfil, sys.incvid
Files
catexp.sql, catexp7.sql, migrate.bsq
Export
exp help = <n> userid = <user>/<pwd> parfile = <par> file = <expdat.dmp> filesize = <n> volsize = <n> log = <log> buffer
= <n> silent = <n> recordlength = <n> direct = <n> rows = <y> indexes = <y> grants = <y> constraints = <y> triggers = <y> feedback = <0> statistics = {estimate | compute | none} record = <y> compress = <y> consistent = <n> object_consistent = <n> flashback_scn = <scn> flashback_time = <time> resumable = <n> resumable_name = <str> resumable_
timeout = <7200> template = <x> tablespaces = (<ts> [, …]) transport_tablespace
= <n> tts_full_check = <x> [, …] point_in_time_recover = <n> recovery_tablespaces = <ts> [, …]{ full = <n> | owner = <schema> | tables = (<tab>[:<part>] [, …] [query = <expr>] ) } inctype = {complete | cumulative | incremental}
<< deprecated
Perform full exports as user System.
buffer size = (n rows) * SUM(max. field length + size of length indicator [2 or 3, system dependent])
Import
imp help = <n> userid = <user>/<pwd> parfile = <par> file = <expdat.dmp> filesize = <n> volsize = <n> log = <log> buffer = <n> recordlength = <n> rows = <y> grants = <y> indexes = <y> indexfile = <file> constraints = <y> commit = <n> compile = <y> ignore = <n> inctype = {system | restore} feedback = <0> show = <n> statistics = {always | none | safe | recalculate} analyze = <y> recalculate_statistics
= <n> destroy = <n> skip_unusable_
indexes = <n> toid_novalidate = (<type> [, …] ) resumable = <n> resumable_
name = <str> resumable_timeout = <7200> streams_configuration = <y> streams_instatiation = <n> { full = <n> | tables = (<tab>[:<part>] [, …])} fromuser = <schema> [, …] touser = <schema> [, …] transport_tablespace = <n> datafiles = ‘(<file> [, …] )‘ tablespaces = (<ts> [, …]) tts_owners = <owner> [, …] point_in_time_recover = <false>
Order: type defs – table defs – table data – indexes – constraints, views, procedures, triggers – bitmap, functional, domain indexes
Loads
sqlldruserid = <user>/<pwd> data = <data> control = <ctrl> parfile = <par> log = <log> bad = <bad> discard = <discard> discardmax = <n> skip = <n> load = <n> errors = <n> rows = <n> bindsize = <65536> readsize = <65536> silent = ( {header | feedback | errors | discards | partitions | all} [, …] ) direct = <n> multithreading = <n> streamsize = <n> columnarrayrows = <n> parallel = <n> file = <file> skip_unusable_indexes = <n> skip_index_maintenance = <n> commit_
discontinued = <n> external_table = {not_used | generate_only | execute} resumable = <n> resumable_name = <str> resumable_timeout = <7200> datecache = <n>
bind array size = (n rows) * ( SUM (fixed field lengths) + SUM(max. varying field lengths) + ( (number of varying length fields) * (size of length indicator [2 or 3, system dependent]) ) )
Controlfile
[ options ([bindsize = <n>] [columnsarrayrows = <n>] [direct = {true | false}] [errors = <n>] [load = <n>] [multithreading = {true | false}] [parallel = {true | false}] [readsize = <n>] [resumable] [resumable_name] [resumable_timeout] [rows = <n>] [silent = ({feedback | errors | discards | all} [, …])] [skip = <n>] [skip_index_maintenance] [skip_unusable_indexes] [streamsize = <n>] ) ]
[recoverable | unrecoverable]
{load | continue_load} data[{infile | inddn} [‘<load.dat>’ | * ] [“str [x]’<char>’”][“recsize <n> buffers <n>”][badfile ‘<load.bad>’ | baddn][{discardfile | discarddn} ‘<load.dsc>’] [{discards | discardmax} <n>][characterset <char>][byteorder {big | little} [endian] ][byteordermark {check | nocheck} ][length [semantics] {byte | char | character} ][concatenate <n>][continueif { [this | next] [preserve] [(] <pos> | last [preserve] [(] } <op> [x]’<str>’ [)] ]into table <tab> [ ({partition | subpartition} <part>) ][skip <n>]{insert | replace | truncate | append}[options (file = <db_file>) ][when ({<col> | <pos>}) <op> { [x]‘<str>’ | blanks } [and…] ][fields { enclosed [by] [[x]’<str>’] [and [x]’<str>’] | terminated [by] {whitespace | [x]’<str>’ | eof} [[optionally] enclosed…] }[trailing [nullcols] ][sorted indexes][singlerow]( { <col> { <sqlfunc> | sysdate | recnum | sequence [( { <n>[.<x>] | max | count } )] } | <col> [filler] [ position ( { <x> [ {: | -} <y>] | * [+<z>] } ) ] { char [(<n>)] | varchar [(<n>)] | varcharc | date [“<fmt>”] | time | timestamp | time with time zone | timestamp with time zone | interval year to month | interval day to second | integer [external] [(<n>)] | smallint | float [external] | double | byteint | zoned [external] (p [,<s>]) | decimal [external] (p [,<s>]) | raw [(<n>)] | varraw | long varraw | varrawc | graphic [(<n>)] | graphic external [(<n>)] | vargraphic [(<n>)] }[terminated by {“<str>” | whitespace} ][ {nullif | defaultif} ({<col> | <pos>}) <op> { [x]‘<str>’ | blanks } [and…] ][enclosed by ‘<chr>’ and ‘<chr>’][“<sql_stmt>(:<col>)”][, <col> …] )[into table <tab> …]
[begindata…]
Migration
migdbname = <db> new_dbname = <new> pfile = <initfile> spool = <logfile> check_only = <false> no_space_check = <false> multiplier = <15> nls_nchar = <char >
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10 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Tablespaces, Datafiles & Segments
Views & Tables
v$tablespace, v$datafile, v$datafile_copy, v$datafile_header, v$dbfile, v$offline_range, v$tempfile, v$temp_extent_map, v$temp_extent_pool, v$temp_space_header, v$temp_ping, v$backup, v$recover_file, v$recovery_file_status, v$recovery_log, v$recovery_progress, v$recovery_status, v$recovery_transactions, v$instance_recovery, v$fast_start_servers, v$fast_start_transactions,
v$managed_standby, dba_tablespaces,
dba_ts_quotas, dba_data_files, dba_temp_files, dba_segments, dba_extents, dba_free_space, dba_free_space_coalesced, dba_free_space_coalesced_tmp[1-3], ts_pitr_objects_to_be_dropped, ts_pitr_check, transport_set_violations, dba_dmt_free_space, dba_dmt_used_extents, dba_lmt_free_space, dba_lmt_used_extents, pluggable_set_check, uni_pluggable_set_check, straddling_ts_objects,
ext_to_obj_view, ts$, file$, filext$, uet$, fet$, seg$
Parameters
db_block_checking, db_block_checksum, recovery_parallelism, fast_start_parallel_rollback,
db_file_name_convert, log_checkpoint_
timeout, log_checkpoints_to_alert, db_writer_processes, db_file_simultaneous_
waits, standby_file_management, read_only_open_delayed
Packages
DBMS_REPAIRcheck_object, {skip | fix}_corrupt_blocks, dump_orphan_keys, rebuild_freelists, admin_tables, segment_fix_status
DBMS_SPACEunused_space, free_blocks, space_usage
DBMS_SPACE_ADMINtablespace_verify, tablespace_{rebuild | relocate | fix}_bitmaps, tablespace_rebuild_quotas, tablespace_fix_segment_states, tablespace_migrate_{from | to}_local, segment_{verify | corrupt | dump | moveblocks}, segment_drop_corrupt, segment_
number_{blocks | extents},
DBMS_TTStransport_set_check, downgrade
Deprecated Features
fast_start_io_target, log_checkpoint_interval
Desupported Features
db_block_max_dirty_target, db_file_simultaneous_
writes, db_block_checkpoint_batch, parallel_transaction_recovery
TS Creation
create tablespace <ts> [datafile ‘<file>’] << only optional if DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST is set[size <n>] [reuse] [autoextend {off | on [next <n>] [maxsize {<n> | unlimited} ] } ] [,’<file>’… [autoextend…] ] [minimum extent <n>] [blocksize <n> [k]][default storage ( [initial <5xBS>] [next <5xBS>] [pctincrease <50>] [minextents <1>] [maxextents {<n> | unlimited} ] [freelists <1>] [freelist groups <1>] [buffer_pool {default | keep | recycle} ] )][logging | nologging] [permanent | temporary] [online | offline] [extent management { dictionary | local [autoallocate | uniform [size <1m>]] }][segment space management {manual | auto} ];
create undo tablespace <ts> [datafile ‘<file>’… [autoextend…] ] << s.a.[extent management local][uniform [size <1m>]];
create temporary tablespace <ts> [tempfile ‘<file>’… [autoextend…] ] << s.a.[extent management local][uniform [size <1m>]];
drop tablespace <ts> [including contents [and datafiles] [cascade constraints] ];
TS Modification
alter tablespace <ts> add {datafile | tempfile} ‘<file>’ size <n> [reuse] [autoextend…];
alter tablespace <ts> rename datafile ‘<file>’ [, …] to ‘<new>’ [, …];
alter tablespace <ts> { online | offline [ normal | temporary | immediate | for recover ] }; << deprecated
alter tablespace <ts> { read {write | only} | permanent | temporary };
alter tablespace <ts> [minimum extent <n>] default storage (…);
alter tablespace <ts> coalesce;
alter tablespace <ts> {begin | end} backup;
alter database [<db>] datafile <n> [, …] end backup;
Datafiles
alter system checkpoint [global | local];
alter system check datafiles [global | local];
alter database [<db>] datafile ‘<file>’ [, …] { resize <n> | autoextend… | online | offline [drop] | end backup };
alter database [<db>] tempfile ‘<file>’ [, …] { resize <n> | autoextend… | online | offline | drop [including datafiles] };
alter database [<db>] rename file ‘<file>’ [, …] to ‘<new_file>’ [, …];
alter database [<db>] create datafile ‘<file>‘ [, …] [as {new | ‘<file>‘ [, …]} ];
alter system dump datafile ‘<file>’block min <x> block max <y>;
Recovery
set autorecovery {on | off}
set logsource <dir>
alter database [<db>] recover [automatic] [from ‘<log_path>‘] { { [standby] database [until { cancel | change <scn> | time ‘<YYYY-MM-DD:HH24:MI:SS>’ }] [using backup controlfile] | managed standby database [ next <n> | timeout <n> | delay <n> | nodelay | expire <n> | cancel [immediate] [nowait] | disconnect [from session] [finish [nowait]] ] | [standby] tablespace ‘<ts>’ [, …] [until [consistent with] controlfile] | [standby] datafile {‘<file>’ | <n>} [, …] [until [consistent with] controlfile] | logfile ‘<log>’ } [test [allow <x> corruption] ] [noparallel | parallel [<n>] ]| continue [default] | cancel };
recover [automatic] [from ‘<log_path>’] { database [until { cancel | change <scn> | time ‘<YYYY-MM-DD:HH24:MI:SS>’ }] [using backup controlfile] | [managed] standby database [timeout <n> | cancel [immediate] ] | [standby] tablespace ‘<ts>’ [, …] [until [consistent with] controlfile] | [standby] datafile {‘<file>’ | <n>} [, …] [until [consistent with] controlfile] | logfile <log> | continue [default] | cancel } [noparallel | parallel (degree {<n> | default} [instances <1> | default] )]
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 11
Tablespaces, Datafiles & Segments (cont.)
Utilities
dbv file=<file> start=<n> end=<n> logfile=<log> blocksize=<2048> feedback=<0> parfile=<fil> segment_id=<ts.fil.blck>
Blocks
v$type_size
Block header: static (61B), table directory, row directory
(2B*rec), interested transaction list (23B*tx)
Row piece: overhead, no. of columns, cluster key ID, rowids of chained row pieces,col data (col length, col value, …)
RowID
Logical: hex string of variable length
Extend(10B): DataObj#{32b} - RelFile#{10b} - Block#{22b} - Row#{16b}
Base64OOOOOO – FFF – BBBBBB – RRR
Restrict(6B): Block#{Xb} - Row#{Xb} - File#{Xb}
Packages
DBMS_ROWID (rowid_create, rowid_object, rowid_relative_
fno, rowid_block_number, rowid_
row_number, rowid_to_absolute_fno, rowid_to_extended, rowid_to_restricted)
Archive Mode
archive log { list | stop | {start | next | all | <n>}}[to <dest>] << always applies to current instance
alter database [<db>] {archivelog | noarchivelog};
alter system archive log [thread <n>] { start [to ‘<log_path>’] | stop | current << global log switch| next | all | sequence <n> | group <n> | change <n> | logfile ‘<file>’ };
alter system switch logfile;
<< applies only to current instance
Logfiles
alter database [<db>] add [standby] logfile [thread <n>] [group <n>] (‘<log>’, …) size <n>;
alter database [<db>] {enable [public] | disable} thread <n>;
alter database [<db>] add [standby] logfile member ‘<log>’ [reuse] to group <n>;
alter database [<db>] register [or replace] [physical] logfile ‘<log>’ [, …];
alter database [<db>] rename file ‘<log>’ [, …] to ‘<new_log>’ [, …];
alter database [<db>] drop [standby] logfile group <n>;
alter database [<db>] drop [standby] logfile member ‘<log>’;
alter database [<db>] clear [unarchived] logfile {group <n> | ‘<log>’} [unrecoverable datafile];
alter database add supplemental log data( {primary key | unique index} [, …] ) columns;
alter database drop supplemental log data;
alter table add supplemental log group <grp>(<col> [, …] ) [always];
alter table drop supplemental log group <grp>;Logfiles
Views & Tables
v$log, v$logfile, v$thread, v$loghist, v$log_history, v$database, v$archive, v$archive_dest, v$archive_dest_status, v$archive_gap, v$standby_log, v$archived_log, v$archive_processes, v$logmnr_dictionary, v$logmnr_parameters,
v$logmnr_logs, v$logmnr_contents, dba_source_tables, dba_source_tab_columns, dba_subscriptions, dba_subscribed_tables, dba_subscribed_columns, change_sources, change_sets, change_tables
Parameters
db_create_online_log_dest_<1-5>, thread, log_buffer, log_archive_max_processes, log_archive_start, log_archive_dest, log_archive_
format, standby_archive_dest, log_archive_
duplex_dest, log_archive_dest_<1-10>, log_archive_dest_state_<1-10>, remote_archive_enable, fal_client, fal_server, log_archive_trace, archive_lag_target, log_archive_min_succeed_dest, log_file_name_convert, arch_io_slaves, utl_file_dir, logmnr_max_persistent_sessions, _log_simultaneous_
copies, _log_io_size
(_allow_resetlogs_corruption << undocumented & unsupported)
Packages
DBMS_LOGMNR_Dbuild
DBMS_LOGMNR add_logfile, start_logmnr, end_logmnr, mine_value, column_present
DBMS_LOGMNR_SESSION {add | remove}_logfile, {create | attach | detach | destroy}_session, column_present, include_src_tbl, mine_value, {prepare | release}_scn_range, set_dict_attr, set_session_
params
DBMS_[LOGMNR_]CDC_PUBLISH {create | alter | drop}_change_table, drop_{subscription | subscriber_view}, purge
DBMS_[LOGMNR_]CDC_SUBSCRIBE get_subcription_handle, subscribe, {activate | drop}_subscription, {extend | purge}_window, {prepare | drop}_ subscriber_
view
Files
dbmslm.sql, dbmslmd.sql, dbmslms.sql, dbmscdcp.sql, dbmscdcs.sql catcdc.sql, initcdc.sql
Tuning/Contention
v$system_event, v$sysstat
Redo latch: «redo allocation», «redo copy» (v$latch) «misses» / «gets» > 1% or «immediate_misses» / («immediate_gets» + «immediate_misses») > 1% -> decrease «log_small_entry_max_size»-> increase «log_simultaneous_copies» (max. CPU * 2)
Desupported Features
v$targetrba, log_archive_buffers, log_archive_buffer_size, log_block_checksum, log_simultaneous_
copies, log_small_entry_max_size, lgwr_io_slaves
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12 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Tables, Constraints & Triggers
Views & Tables
dba_tables, dba_all_tables, dba_object_tables, dba_external_tables, dba_external_locations, dba_tab_comments, dba_tab_columns, col, dba_tab_col_statistics, dba_associations, dba_ustats, dba_col_comments, dba_updatable_
columns, dba_unused_col_tabs, dba_tab_modifications, dba_nested_tables, dba_part_tables, dba_tab_partitions, dba_tab_subpartitions, dba_part_col_statistics,
dba_part_key_columns, dba_partial_
drop_tabs, dba_subpart_col_statistics, dba_subpart_key_columns, dba_constraints, dba_cons_columns, dba_triggers, dba_trigger_
cols, dba_internal_triggers, dba_tab_histograms,
dba_part_histograms, dba_subpart_
histograms, tab$, col$, con$, cdef$, ccol$, trigger$, triggercol$, com$, hist_head$, tabpart$, tabsubpart$
Parameters
_system_trig_enabled
Packages
DBMS_UTILITYanalyze_database, analyze_schema, analyze_part_object
DBMS_STATS{set | get}_{column | index | system | table}_stats, gather_{system | database | schema | table | index}_stats, delete_{system
| database | schema | table | index | column}_stats, {export | import}_ {system
| database | schema | table | index | column}_stats, prepare_column_values, convert_raw_value, generate_stats, {create | drop}_stat_table, alter_{database | schema}_
table_monitoring, flush_{database | schema}_monitoring_info
DBMS_REDEFINITION{can | start | finish | abort}_redef_table, sync_interim_table
Files
utlexcpt.sql, utlexcpt1.sql, dbmsstdx.sql, dbmsutil.sql, utlvalid.sql, utlchain.sql, utlchn1.sql
Tuning/Contention
pctfree = UPD/AVG
pctused = 1 – pctfree – AVG/nBLK
scans: «table scans%» (v$sysstat) -> adjust «db_file_multiblock_read_count»
row migr.: «table_name», «head_rowid» (chained_rows << utlchain.sql, utlchain1.sql) or «table fetch continued row» (v$sysstat)-> increase pctfree-> recreate table
freelists: «segment header» (v$waitstat), «buffer busy waits» (v$system_event) -> alter pctfree/pctused, inittrans or -> increase freelist/freelist groups (v$session_wait -> dba_extents -> dba_segments
-> recreate object)
full & partial partition-wise joins
Desupported Features
dba_histograms, cache_size_threshold
Table Creation
(max. 1000 col)
create [global temporary] table <tab> [of <object_type> [[not] substitutable at all levels] [object identifier is {primary key | system generated} ] [oidindex <ind> ([tablespace <ts>…] [storage (…)]) ] ]( <col> <type> [ {default | := } <value>] [with rowid] [scope is <tab>] [constraint <col_constr>] [ {[not] null | primary key [using index { <ind>… | (create unique index <ind> on <tab> (<col> [,…]) …) } ] | unique [using index { <ind>… | (create unique index <ind> on <tab> (<col> [,…]) …) } ] | check (<expr>) | references <tab> [(<col>)] [on delete {cascade | set null}] } [ [not] deferrable [initially {immediate | deferred}] ] [ {enable | disable} [validate | novalidate] [exceptions into <tab>] ] [,<col>… [constraint <col_constr>]…] [, …] [, constraint <tab_constr>…] [ref (<col>) with rowid] [scope for (<col>) is <tab>] [supplemental log group <grp> (<col> [, …]) [always] ] ) [on commit {delete | preserve} rows][pctfree <10>] [pctused <40>] [initrans <1>] [maxtrans <n>] [storage (…) ] [tablespace <ts>] [logging | nologging][recoverable | unrecoverable] << deprecated[organization { heap | index << see index-organized table below | external ( [type <oracle_loader>] default directory <dir> [access parameters { (<opaque_format>) | using clob <subquery> } ] location ([<dir>:] ‘<loc>’ [, …]) ) [reject limit {<0> | unlimited}] } ] [cluster <clust> (<col> [, …])][column <col> { [element] is of [type] (only <type>) | [not] substitutable at all levels } ][nested table <col> [ [element] is of [type] (only <type>) | [not] substitutable at all levels ] store as <tab> [( (<prop>) [storage (…)] )] [return as {locator | value}] ][varray <varr> [ [element] is of [type] (only <type>) | [not] substitutable at all levels ] store as lob [<lobseg>] [([tablespace <ts>]…)] ] [lob { (<col>) store as <lob_seg> | (<col> [, …]) store as } ( [tablespace <ts>] [storage (…)] [{enable | disable} storage in row] [pctversion <10>] [chunk <n>] [cache | {nocache | cache reads} [logging | nologging] ] [index <ind> << deprecated in 8i and 9i ([tablespace <ts>] [storage (…)]) ] [tablespace <ts>… ] ) ] [XMLType [<col>] store as clob [<lobseg>] [([tablespace <ts>]…)] ][ partition by range (<col> [, …]) [subpartition by hash (<col> [, …]) [subpartitions <n> [store in (<ts> [, …])] ] ( partition [<part>] values less than ( {<val> [, …] | maxvalue} ) [storage (…)] [tablespace <ts>] [ (subpartition <subpart> [tablespace <ts>] [, subpartition…] ) | subpartitions <n> store in (<ts> [, …]) ] [, partition… [(subpartition…)] ] )| partition by list (<col>) (partition [<part>] values ({<val> [, …] | null}) [storage (…)] [tablespace <ts>] [ (subpartition <subpart> [tablespace <ts>] [, subpartition…] ) | subpartitions <n> store in (<ts> [, …]) ] [, partition… [(subpartition…)] ] )| partition by hash (<col> [, …]) { (partition <part> [tablespace <ts>]
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 13
Tables, Constraints & Triggers (cont.)
[, partition…]) | partitions <n> store in (<ts> [, …]) } ] [{disable | enable} row movement] [cache | nocache] [rowdependencies | norowdependencies][monitoring | nomonitoring][parallel [<n>] | noparallel] [{enable | disable} [validate | novalidate] { primary key | unique (<col> [, …]) | constraint <constr> } [using index…] [exceptions into <tab>] [cascade] [{keep | drop} index] ][as <subquery>];
Table Modification
alter table <tab> modify (<col> <type>…);
alter table <tab> add (<col> <type>…);
alter table <tab> set unused {(<col> [, …]) | column <col>} [cascade constraints] [invalidate];
alter table <tab> drop {(<col> [, …]) | column <col>} [cascade constraints] [invalidate] [checkpoint <512>];
alter table <tab> drop {unused columns | columns continue} [checkpoint <512>];
drop table <tab> [cascade constraints];
rename <tab> to <new_tab>;
alter table <tab> move [tablespace <ts>] [storage (…)] [logging | nologging] [parallel [<n>] | noparallel];
truncate table <tab> [[preserve | purge] snapshot log] [{drop | reuse} storage];
alter table <tab> [storage (…)] [noparallel | parallel [<n>] ] …[{nominimize | minimize} records_per_block];
alter table <tab> { allocate extent ( [size <n>] [datafile ‘<file>‘] [instance <n>] ) | deallocate unused [keep <n>] };lock table <tab> in { row share | share update | row exclusive | share | share row exclusive | exclusive } mode [nowait];
alter table <tab> {enable | disable} table lock;
comment on {table <tab> | column <tab>.<col>} is ‘<str>’;
alter table add supplemental log group <grp>(<col> [, …] ) [always];
alter table drop supplemental log group <grp>;
Partitioning
alter table <tab> add partition <range_part> values less than (<value> [, …] ) [tablespace <ts>][{update | invalidate} global indexes][parallel [<n>] | noparallel];
alter table <tab> add partition [<hash_part> [tablespace <ts>]] […];
alter table <tab> drop partition <part> [, …] […];
alter table <tab> coalesce partition […];
alter table <tab> truncate {partition | subpartition} <part> [{drop | reuse} storage] […];
alter table <tab> rename {partition | subpartition} <part> to <new>;
alter table <tab> modify {partition | subpartition} <part>[storage (…) ] [allocate extent…] [logging | nologging] … [[rebuild] unusable local indexes];
alter table <tab> modify partition <part> {add subpartition [<subpart> [tablespace <ts>]] | coalesce [subpartition] } […];
alter table <tab> modify default attributes [for partition <comp_part>] [storage (…)] …;
alter table <tab> modify partition <part> {add | drop} values (<val> [, …]);
alter table <tab> move {partition | subpartition} <part> tablespace <ts> [logging | nologging] […];
alter table <tab> split partition <part1> at (<n>) into (partition <part2>, partition <part3> [, …] ) […];
alter table <tab> merge partitions <part1>, <part2> [into partition <part3>] […];
alter table <tab> exchange {partition | subpartition} <part> with table <tab> [including indexes] [{with | without} validation] […];
Constraints
alter table <tab> add ( [constraint <tab_constr>] { primary key (<col> [, …]) [using index…] | unique (<col> [, …]) [using index…] | foreign key (<col> [, …]) references <tab> [(<col> [, …])] [on delete {cascade | set null} ] | check (<expr>) } [[not] deferrable [initially {immediate | deferred}] ] [{disable | enable} [validate | novalidate] [exceptions into <tab>]] );
alter table <tab> {disable | enable} [validate | novalidate] { constraint <constr> | primary key | unique (<col> [, …]) } [using index…] [exceptions into <tab>] [cascade][{keep | drop} index];
alter table <tab> modify constraint <constr> … [rely | norely];
alter table <tab> drop { constraint <constr> [cascade]| { primary key | unique (<col> [, …]) } [cascade] [{keep | drop} index] };
set constraint[s] {<constr> [, …] | all} {immediate | deferred};
Triggers
alter table <tab> {enable | disable} all triggers;
create [or replace] trigger <trigg> { before | after | instead of } { {delete | insert | update [of <col> [, …]] } [or…] on {<tab> | [nested table <col> of] <view>} | { { {associate | disassociate} statistics | analyze | audit | noaudit | comment | create | alter | rename | drop | grant | revoke | truncate | ddl } [or…] | { shutdown | startup | servererror | logon | logoff | suspend } [or…] } on {schema | database} } [referencing {old [as] <old> | new [as] <new> | parent [as] <parent>} [, …] ] [for each row] [when (<expr>)] { begin <stat>; end; | call … ; }
alter trigger <trigg> {enable | disable | compile [debug]};
drop trigger <trigg>;
Statistics
deprecated (use DBMS_STATS) >>
analyze table <tab> [partition (<n>) | subpartition (<n>)] { compute [system] statistics | estimate [system] statistics [sample <1064> {rows | percent}] } [for table] [for all [local] indexes] [for all [indexed] columns [size <75>] ] [for columns [size <75>] <col> [size <75>] [<col>…] ];
analyze table <tab> delete [system] statistics;
analyze table <tab> list chained rows [into <chained_rows>];
analyze table <tab> validate { structure [cascade] [into <invalid_rows>] {online | offline} | ref update [set dangling to null] };
associate statistics with { columns [<tab>.]<col> [, …] | functions <func> [, …] | packages <pack> [, …] | types <type> [, …] | indexes <ind> [, …] | indextypes <indtype> [, …] } [using <stat_func>] [default cost (<cpu>, <io>, <network>)] [default selectivity <selec>];
disassociate statistics from { columns [<tab>.]<col> [, …] | functions <func> [, …] | packages <pack> [, …] | types <type> [, …]
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14 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Views, Synonyms & Sequences
Views & Tables
dba_views, dba_synonyms, dba_sequences
Views
create [or replace] [force | noforce] view <view> [ ( { <alias> [<col_constr>] | <constr> } [, …] ) | of <type> { with object identifier [default | (<attr>, …)] | under <superview> } ( { <attr> <col_constr> | <constr> } [, …] ) ]as <query> [with { read only | check option [constraint <constr>] } ];
alter view <view> <constr>…;
View constraints are declarative only. Only unique or prim./foreign key with mode disable novalidate.
alter view <view> compile;
rename <view> to <new_view>;
drop view <view>;
Synonyms
create [public] synonym <syn> for <obj>;
rename <syn> to <new_syn>; << only private!
drop [public] synonym <syn>;
Sequences
create sequence <seq> [start with <1>] [increment by <1>] [maxvalue <1027> | nomaxvalue] [minvalue <1> | nominvalue] [cycle | nocycle] [nocache | cache <20>] [order | noorder];
When an instance shuts down, cached sequence values that have not been used in committed DML statements can be lost.
Ordered sequences may not be cached with RAC.
alter sequence <seq> …;
rename <seq> to <new_seq>;
drop sequence <seq>;Clusters
Views & Tables
dba_clusters, dba_clu_columns, all_tab_columns,
dba_cluster_hash_expressions
Creation & Modification
create cluster <clust> (<col> <type> [, …] ) [index | [single table] hashkeys <n> [hash is <expr>] ] [size <1xBS>] [tablespace <ts>] [storage (…)] [pctfree <10>] [pctused <40>] [initrans <n>] [maxtrans <255>];
create index <ind> on cluster <clust> [pctfree <n>][tablespace <ts>] [storage (…)] [initrans <n>] [maxtrans <n>];
create table <tab> (<col> <type>… [constraint <constr>…] ) cluster <clust> (<col> [, …] );
alter cluster <clust>…;
truncate cluster <clust> [ {drop | reuse} storage];
drop cluster <clust> [including tables [cascade constraints]];
analyze cluster <clust> …;
Tables, Constraints & Triggers (cont.)
| indexes <ind> [, …] | indextypes <indtype> [, …] } [force];External Table Opaque Format
record { {fixed | variable} <n> | delimited by {newline | ‘<str>’} }[characterset ‘<char>’] [data is {little | big} endian] [string sizes are in {bytes | characters} ] [load when <expr>] [{badfile [<dir>:] ‘<file>’ | nobadfile] [discardfile [<dir>:] ‘<file>’ | nodiscardfile] [logfile [<dir>:] ‘<file>’ | nologfile] [skip <n>][fields [ enclosed by ‘<str>’ [and ‘<str>’] | terminated by { whitespace | ‘<str>’} [[optionally] enclosed by…] ] [ltrim | rtrim | lrtrim | ldtrim | notrim] [missing field values are null] [(<field> [ [position] ({ * | <start> | [+|-] <incr>} [:|-] {<end> | <len> }) ] [ [unsigned] integer [external] <n> | {decimal | zoned} [external] (<p> [, <s>]) | oracle date | oracle number [counted] | {double | float} [external] | raw <n> | char <n> [enclosed…] [ltrim…] [dateformat { { date | {time | timestamp} [with timezone] } mask “<fmt>” | interval { year_to_month | day_to_second } } ] | { varchar | varraw | varcharc | varrawc } ([<n>,] <max>) ] [{defaultif | nullif} <expr>] [, <field> …] ) ]
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 15
Index-organized Tables
Views & Tables
all_tables (iot_type, iot_name), all_indexes
Creation & Modification
create table <iot> (<col>… primary key…) organization index [tablespace <ts>] [storage (…)] [pctfree <n>] [initrans <n>] [maxtrans <n>] [mapping table | nomapping] [pctthreshold <50> [including <col>]] [compress [<n>] | nocompress] [overflow [tablespace <ts>] [pctfree <10>] [initrans <1>] [maxtrans <255>] [storage (…)] [allocate…] [deallocate…] [logging | nologging] ][partition by range (<col> [, …]) (partition <partX> values less than (<value> [, …]) [storage (…)] [tablespace <ts>] [overflow tablespace <ts>…] [, partition…]
)];
alter table <iot> … [overflow…];
alter table <iot> add overflow … [(partition <part>…) ];
alter table <iot> move [online] [compress [<n>] | nocompress] [tablespace <ts>] [overflow…] … [noparallel | parallel [<n>] ];
alter table <iot> modify default attributes [for partition <part>] [storage (…)] [pctthreshold <50> [including <col>]] [compress [<n>] | nocompress] [overflow tablespace <ts>…];
alter table <iot> coalesce;
analyze table <iot> compute statistics;
Index Creation
create [unique | bitmap] index <ind> on <tab> { ([<expr>] <col> [asc | desc] [, …]) | ([<tab>] <col> [asc | desc] [, [<tab>]…]) from <tab> [, <tab>…] where <expr> }[tablespace {<ts> | default }] [storage (…)] [pctfree <10>] [initrans <n>] [maxtrans <255>] [logging | nologging] [nosort] [reverse] [online] [noparallel | parallel [<n>] ] [compress [<n>] | nocompress] [local [(partition [<partX>] [storage (…)] [tablespace <ts>] [logging | nologging] [, partition…] ) | [store in ({<ts> [, …] | default}) | (partition [<partX>] [tablespace <ts>] [, partition…] )] | store in ({<ts> [, …] | default}) [(partition [<partX>] [storage (…)] [tablespace <ts>] [logging | nologging] [store in ({<ts> [, …] | default}) | ( subpartition [<subpartX>] [tablespace <ts>] [, subpartition…] )] [, partition…] )] ]] [global partition by range (<col>) (partition <partX> values less than ({<value> [, …] | maxvalue}) [storage (…)] [tablespace <ts>] [logging | nologging] [, partition…] )] [indextype is <type> [parameters (‘<str>‘)] ];
drop index <ind>;
alter index <ind> {enable | disable};
alter index <ind> unusable;
alter index <ind> rename to <new>;
Index Partitioning
alter index <ind> drop partition <part> [, …];
alter index <ind> rename {partition | subpartition} <part> to <new>;
alter index <ind> modify {partition | subpartition} <part> [storage (…)] … [logging | nologging] [unusable] [rebuild unusable local indexes];
alter index <ind> modify default attributes [for partition <part>] [storage (…)] [pctfree <n>] …;
alter index <ind> rebuild {partition | subpartition} <part> [tablespace <ts>] [parallel [<n>]];
alter index <ind> split partition <p1> at values less than (<n>) into (partition <p2>, partition <p3> [, …]);
Index Modification
alter index <ind> [storage (…)] [initrans <n>] [maxtrans <n>] [compress [<n>] | nocompress];
alter index <ind> { allocate extent ( [size <n>] [datafile ‘<file>‘] [instance <n>] ) | deallocate unused [keep <n>] };
alter index <ind> rebuild [{partition | subpartition} <part>] [tablespace <ts>] [storage (…)] [pctfree <10>] [initrans <n>] [maxtrans <255>] [logging | nologging] [parallel [<n>] | noparallel][compress <n> | nocompress] [compute statistics] [online][reverse | noreverse] [parameters (‘<par>‘) ];
alter index <ind> coalesce;
Statistics
analyze index <ind>…;
analyze index <ind> validate structure {online | offline};
alter index <ind>{monitoring | nomonitoring} usage;
on range partitioned
table
on hash partitioned
table
on composite partitioned tableIndexes
Views & Tables
v$object_usage, dba_indexes, dba_indextypes, dba_indextype_operators, dba_ind_columns, dba_ind_expressions, index_stats, dba_part_indexes, dba_ind_partitions, dba_ind_subpartitions,
dba_part_col_statistics, dba_subpart_
col_statistics, index_histogram, ind$, icol$, icoldep$
Parameters
create_bitmap_area_size, bitmap_merge_area_size
Packages & Files
DBMS_PCLXUTILbuild_part_index
Tuning/Contention
index_stats:«del_lf_rows_len» / «lf_rows_len» > 20%
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16 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Undo Management
Views & Tables
v$undostat, v$rollname, v$rollstat, v$transaction, v$transaction_enqueue, v$global_transaction, dba_undo_extents, dba_rollback_segs, dba_pending_transactions
Parameters
undo_management, undo_tablespace, undo_retention
Deprecated Features
rollback_segments, transactions, transactions_
per_rollback_segment
(_corrupted_rollback_segments << undocumented & unsupported)
Packages
DBMS_TRANSACTIONuse_rollback_segment
Tuning/Contention
RBS Header: «undo segment tx slot» (v$system_event) > 0 or (v$rollstat) sum(«waits») / sum(«gets») > 5% -> add RBS
RBS Segment: «%undo%» (v$waitstat) / «consistent gets» (v$sysstat) (count/value) > 1% -> add RBS
RBS Creation
create [public] rollback segment <rbs>[tablespace <ts>] [storage ([initial <5xBS>] [next <5xBS>] [optimal <null>] [minextents <1>] [maxextents {<n> | unlimited}] )];
drop rollback segment <rbs>;
RBS Modification
alter rollback segment <rbs> {online | offline};
alter rollback segment <rbs> storage (…);
alter rollback segment <rbs> shrink [to <n>];
set transaction use rollback segment <rbs>;
Undo Management
create undo tablespace <ts>…;
alter system set undo_tablespace = <ts>;Temporary Segments
Views & Tables
v$tempseg_usage, v$sort_segment, v$sort_usage,
dba_segments
Parameters
sort_area_size, sort_area_retained_size
Desupported Features
sort_multiblock_read_count, sort_direct_writes, sort_write_buffers, sort_write_buffer_
size
Tuning/Contention
Sorts:«sorts (disk)», «sorts (memory)», «sorts (rows)» (v$sysstat) disk.value / mem.value > 5% -> increase «sort_area_size» (+ decrease «sort_area_retained_size»)
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 17
Users, Privileges, Resources & Policies
Views & Tables
v$enabledprivs, v$resource, v$resource_limit, v$pwfile_users, v$context, v$rsrc_plan, v$rsrc_plan_cpu_mth, v$rsrc_consumer_group, v$rsrc_consumer_group_cpu_mth, v$parallel_degree_limit_mth, v$max_active_
sess_target_mth, v$vpd_policy, dba_users, dba_roles, dba_profiles, dba_ustats,
dba_ts_quotas, dba_sys_privs, dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs, dba_role_privs, role_sys_privs, role_tab_privs, role_role_privs, user_tab_privs_made, user_tab_privs_recd, user_col_privs_made, user_col_privs_recd, user_password_limits, user_resource_limits, session_privs, session_roles, dba_context, dba_policies, proxy_users, resource_cost, dba_rsrc_plans, dba_rsrc_plan_directives, dba_rsrc_consumer_groups, dba_rsrc_consumer_
group_privs, dba_rsrc_manager_system_
privs, user$, user_history$, sysauth$, objauth$
Parameters
o7_dictionary_accessibility, remote_os_authent,
os_roles, remote_os_roles, max_enabled_
roles, resource_limit, resource_manager_
plan, ent_domain_name
Environment
$ORA_ENCRYPT_LOGIN
Packages
DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGERset_initial_consumer_group, {create | submit
| clear | validate}_pending_area, {create | update | delete}_{plan | plan_directive | consumer_group}, delete_plan_cascade, switch_consumer_group_for_{sess | user}
DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER_PRIVS{grant | revoke}_system_privilege, {grant | revoke}_switch_consumer_group
DBMS_SESSIONswitch_current_consumer_group
DBMS_RLS{add | drop | enable | refresh}_policy, {add | drop | enable | disable | refresh}_grouped_policy, {add | drop}_policy_context, {create | delete}_policy_group
Users
create user <user> identified { by <pwd> | by values ‘<crypt_pw>‘ | externally | globally as ‘<user>’ } [default tablespace <ts>] [temporary tablespace <ts>] [quota {<n> | unlimited} on <ts>] [quota…] [password expire] [account {lock | unlock}] [profile {<prof> | default}];
alter user <user>…;
drop user <user> [cascade];
Roles
create role <role> [ not identified | identified { by <pwd> | using <package> | externally | globally } ];
alter role <role>…;
drop role <role>;
alter user <user> default role { <role> [, …] | all [except <role> [, …]] | none};
set role { <role> [identified by <pwd>] [, <role> [identified by <pwd>] …] | all [except <role> [, …] ] | none };
Privileges
grant {<priv> [, …] | <role> [, …] | all [privileges]} to {<user> [, …] | <role> [, …] | public}[identified by <pwd>] [with admin option];
revoke {<priv> | <role>} from {<user> | <role> | public};
grant {<priv> [(<col> [, …])] [, …] | all } on <object> to { <user> [, …] | <role> [, …] | public } [with grant option] [with hierachy option];
revoke {<priv> [(<col> [, …])] | all [privileges]} on [directory] <object> from { <user> | <role> | public } [cascade constraints];
Profiles
create profile <prof> limit [ { sessions_per_user | cpu_per_session | cpu_per_call | connect_time | idle_time | logical_reads_per_session | logical_reads_per_call | composite_limit | private_sga | failed_login_attempts | password_lock_time | password_life_time | password_grace_time | password_reuse_time | password_reuse_max } {<n> | unlimited | default} [, …] ] [password_verify_function {<func> | null | default} ];
alter profile <prof> limit…;
drop profile <prof> [cascade];
alter resource cost [connect_time <n>] [cpu_per_session <n>] [logical_reads_per_session <n>] [private_sga <n>];
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18 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Auditing
Views & Tables
all_def_audit_opts, dba_stmt_audit_opts, stmt_audit_option_map, dba_priv_audit_
opts, dba_obj_audit_opts, user_tab_audit_
opts, dba_audit_trail, dba_audit_session, dba_audit_statement, dba_audit_object, dba_audit_exists, dba_audit_policies, dba_fga_audit_trail, audit_actions, sys.aud$, sys.fga_log$
Packages
DBMS_FGA{add | drop | enable | disable}_policy
Parameters
audit_trail, transaction_auditing
Files
cataudit.sql, catnoaud.sql
SQL
[no]audit {<stat> [, …] | <priv> [, …] } [by <user> [, …]] [by {session | access}] [whenever [not] successful];
[no]audit <stat> [, …] on {<object> | default} [by {session | access} ] [whenever [not] successful];
shortcuts: user, table, procedure, resource, connect, dba, …Net Services
Stack
Application, Server – OCI (UPI), OPI, NPI – TTC – TNS (NI,NR,NN,NS,NA) – OPA (NT) [–Protocol]
Service Name Resolution
local naming, host naming, external naming, centralized naming
Utilities
lsnrctl{ start | stop | status | reload | set | show | help | version | change_password | services | save_config | trace | dbsnmp_start | dbsnmp_stop | dbsnmp_status } [<LISTENER>]
agentctl { { start | stop | status | restart } [<agent>] | { start | stop | status} blackout [<target>] [-d[uration] <[d] hh:mi>] [-s[ubsystem] <subsys>] }
namesctl { startup | shutdown | start | stop | reload | restart | status | ping <ns> | reorder_ns | start_client_cache | delegate_domain | domain_hint | flush | flush_name | load_tnsnames | dump_tnsnames| dump_ldap | log_stats | reset_stats | help | password | register | unregister | query | timed_query | repeat | set | show | version }
cmctl { start | stop | status | version } [cman | cm | adm]
trcasst [-o{c|d}{u[q]|t} -e[0|1|2] -s -p …] <file>
netasst, tnsping, trcroute, adapters
oerr <tns> <errno>
ldapmodify
listener.ora
<LISTENER> = (description_list = (description = (address_
list = (address = (protocol = <tcp>) (host = <node>) (port = <1521>) (key = <prog>))) (protocol_stack = (presentation = {ttc | giop}) (session = {ns | raw}))))
sid_list_<LISTENER> = (sid_list = (sid_desc = (global_dbname = <n>) << disables TAF with RAC (oracle_home = <path>) (sid_name = <SID>) (sdu = <n>) (program = <prog>) (prespawn_max = <n>) (prespawn_list = (prespawn_desc = (protocol = <n>) (pool_size = <n>) (timeout = <n>))))),
>> Since release 8.1 sid_list_<LISTENER> only required with Enterprise Manager! <<
service_list_<LISTENER> = <n>
passwords_<LISTENER> = <n>
connect_timeout_<LISTENER> = <n>
use_plug_and_play_<LISTENER> = <n>
save_config_on_stop_<LISTENER> = <n>
trace_{level | file | directory}_<LISTENER>=<n>
logging_<LISTENER> = <n>
log_{file | directory}_<LISTENER> = <n>
startup_wait_time_<LISTENER> = <n>
queuesize = <n>
ssl_client_authentication = <n>
ssl_version = undetermined
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 19
Net Services (cont.)
tnsnames.ora (Local Naming)
<net_serv> = (description = (address_list = (failover = {on | off}) (load_balance = {on | off}) (source_route = {on | off}) (address = (protocol = <n>) (port = <n>) (host = <node>)) […]) (connect_data = (service_name = <serv>) (instance_name = <sid>) (handler_name = <n>) (sdu = <n>) (server = dedicated) (hs = ok) (rdb_database = <rdbfile>) (type_of_service = <n>) (global_name = <rdb>) (failover_mode = (type = {select | session | none}) (method = {basic | preconnect}) (retries = <5>) (delay = <1>) (backup = <serv>) (instance_role = {primary | secondary | any}) ))
desupported: (connect_data = (sid = <n>))
>> Exception! Use of OEM and OPS on WinNT. Create net service names ‘<SID>_startup’. <<
sqlnet.ora
log_{file | directory}_{client | server} = <n>, use_cman = <n>, use_dedicated_server = <n>, sqlnet.expire_time = <n>, sqlnet.{encryption | crypto_checksum}_{client | server} = {accepted | rejected | requested | required}, sqlnet.{encryption | crypto_checksum}_types_{client | server} = <n>, sqlnet.crypto_seed = <n>, trace_unique_client = <n>, trace_{level | file | directory | timestamp}_{client | server} = <n>, tnsping.trace_{level | directory} = <n>, daemon.trace_{level | directory | mask} = <n>, sqlnet.authentication_services = <n>, sqlnet.client_registration = <n>, bequeath_
detach = <n>, disable_oob = <n>, names.directory_path = ( {hostname | tnsnames | onames | cds | nds | nis} , … ), names.default_domain = <n>, name.default_zone = <n>, names.preferred_servers = <n>, names.initial_retry_timeout = <n>, names.request_retries = <n>, names.max_open_connections = <n>, names.message_pool_start_size = <n>, names.dce.prefix = <n>, names.nis.meta_map = <n>, namesctl.internal_encrypt_password = <n>, namesctl.internal_use = <n>, namesctl.no_initial_
server = <n>, namesctl.noconfirm = <n>, namesctl.server_password = <n>, namesctl.trace_{level | file | directory | unique} = <n>
desupported: automatic_ipc
names.ora << deprecated
names.server_name = <n>, names.addresses = <n>, names.region_checkpoint_file = <n>, default_domain = <n>, forwarding_available = <n>, log_file_name = <n>, log_stats_interval = <n>, reset_stats_interval = <n>, cache_checkpoint_
interval = <n>, requests_enabled = <n>, server = <n>, namesctl_trace_level = <n>, trace_file_name = <n>, trace_level = <n>, names.trace_{file | directory | unique} = <n>, names.log_{file | directory} = <n>, queuesize = <n>
desupported:names.use_plug_and_play, names.{domain | topology}_
checkpoint_file
protocol.ora << desupported
<prot>.{excluded | invited}_nodes = <node>, <prot>.validnode_checking = <n>, tcp.nodelay = <n>
cman.ora
cman = (address = (protocol = <tcp>) (host = <node>) (port = <1630>))
cman_admin = (address = (protocol = <tcp>) (host = <node>) (port = <1830>))
cman_profile = (maximum_relays = <n>, relay_statistics = <n>, log_level = <n>, tracing = <n>, trace_directory = <path>, show_tns_info = <n>, use_async_call = <n>, authentication_
level = <n>)
cman_rules =(rule_list = (rule = (src = <src>) (dst = <dst>) (srv = <serv>) (act = accept | reject)))
ldap.ora
Other Files
ckpcch.ora, sdns.ora, namesini.sql, namesupg.sql, snmp_ro.ora, snmp_rw.ora, services.ora
Environment
$TNS_ADMIN
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20 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Recovery Manager
Views & Tables
rc_database, rc_database_incarnation, rc_backup_set, rc_backup_piece, rc_checkpoint, rc_tablespace, rc_datafile, rc_backup_datafile, rc_datafile_copy, rc_proxy_datafile, rc_offline_
range, rc_backup_controlfile, rc_controlfile_
copy, rc_proxy_controlfile, rc_redo_log, rc_redo_thread, rc_backup_redolog, rc_archived_
log , rc_log_history, rc_stored_script, rc_stored_script_line, rc_backup_corruption,
rc_copy_corruption, rc_resync, v$backup, v$backup_set, v$backup_piece, v$backup_datafile, v$datafile_copy, v$proxy_datafile, v$offline_range, v$backup_redolog, v$proxy_archivedlog, v$backup_device, v$backup_corruption, v$copy_corruption, v$backup_async_io, v$backup_sync_io, v$session_longops, v$session_wait
Parameters
backup_tape_io_slaves, disk_asynch_io, tape_asynch_io, control_file_record_keep_time
Packages
DBMS_BACKUP_RESTORE
DBMS_RCVCAT
DBMS_RCVMAN
Files
catrman.sql, prgrmanc.sql, dbmssbkrs.sql, prvtbkrs.plb, dbmsrman.sql, prvtrmns.plb
Desupported Features
db_file_direct_io_count, arch_io_slaves, backup_disk_io_slaves, large_pool_min_alloc
Environment
rman [target ‘<user>/<pwd>@<target_db>’] [ catalog ‘<user>/<pwd>@<repos_db>’ | nocatalog ] [auxiliary ‘<user>/<pwd>@<aux_db>’] [{cmdfile [=] | @} <file>] [log [=] <file> [append]] [msgno] [trace [=] ‘<file>’] [debug] [send [=] ‘<cmd>’]
set dbid [=] <target_dbid>;
connect {target | catalog | auxiliary} <user>/<pwd>@<db>
startup [nomount | mount] [force] [dba] [pfile [=] <file>];
shutdown [normal | transactional | immediate | abort];
{mount | open} database;
alter database {mount | open};
host [‘<cmd>’];
debug {on | off};
set echo {on | off};
set command id to ‘<id>’;
configure{ snapshot controlfile name to ‘<file>‘| controlfile autobackup { on | off | clear | format for device type <dev> {to ‘<fmt>’ | clear} }| {archivelog | datafile} backup copies for device type <dev> {to <x> | clear}| default device type to <dev>| device type <dev> parallelism <n>| channel <n> device type <dev> connect ‘<user/pwd@serv>’| retention policy to { recovery window of <x> days | redundancy <1> | none | clear } | backup optimization {on | off | clear}| exclude tablespace <ts> [clear] | maxsetsize {to {<x>| unlimited} | clear} };
show{ retention policy | [default] device type| [auxiliary] channel [for device type <dev>]| maxset size| {datafile | archivlog} backup copies| backup optimization| snapshot controlfile name| auxname| exclude| controlfile autobackup [format]| all };
set snapshot controlfile name to ‘<file>‘;
send [channel <chann> [, …] | device type <dev> [, …]]‘<media_man_cmd>‘ [parms [=] ‘<par>‘];
{create | replace} script <script> {<stat>;…}
delete script <script>;
print script <script>;
run {<cmd>; …}
run {execute script <script>;}
sql ‘<stat> [‘ ‘ <file> ‘ ‘] ‘;
Catalog
create catalog [tablespace <ts>];
upgrade catalog [tablespace ‘<ts>’];
configure compatible = <n>;
drop catalog;
register database;
reset database [to incarnation <id>];
resync catalog [from controlfilecopy [‘<ctrl>’]];
catalog {archivelog | datafilecopy | controlfilecopy} ‘<file>‘ [, …] [tag [=] ‘<tag>‘ | level [=] <n>];
change {archivelog | datafilecopy | backuppiece
| backupset | proxy | controlfilecopy} {‘<file>‘ | <n> | all | tag [=] ‘<tag>‘} { delete | available | unavailable | uncatalog | validate | crosscheck };
crosscheck {backup | copy} [of { {datafile | tablespace | database [skip tablespace] } ‘<name>‘ | controlfile | archivelog { all | like ‘<name>‘ | {from | until} { time [=] ‘<date>‘ | scn [=] <n> | logseq [=] <n> [thread = <n>]} }] [ tag = ‘<tag>‘ | completed { {after | before} [=] ‘<date>‘ | between ‘<date>‘ and ‘<date>‘ } ];
delete [noprompt] { [expired] { {backup | copy} [of { { datafile | tablespace | database [skip tablespace] } ‘<name>‘ | controlfile | archivelog { all | like ‘<name>‘ | {from | until} { time [=] ‘<date>‘ | scn [=] <n> | sequence [=] <n> [thread = <n>]} }] [ tag = ‘<tag>‘ | completed { {after | before} [=] ‘<date>‘ | between ‘<date>‘ and ‘<date>‘ } ] | { {backuppiece | proxy} … | backupset … | {controlfilecopy | datafilecopy} … | archivelog … }| obsolete [ redundancy [=] <x> | recovery window of <x> days | orphan ] };
set maxcorrupt for datafile {‘<file>‘ | <n>} to <n>;
Channels
allocate [auxiliary] channel <chann> [for {delete | maintenance}] { type [=] {disk | ‘<dev>‘} | name [=] ‘<name>‘ } [parms [=] “<par>”] [format [=] ‘<fm>‘] [connect [=] ‘<user>/<pwd>@<target_ops_inst>’]
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 21
Recovery Manager (cont.)
[debug [=] <n>] [trace [=] <n>];
set limit channel <chann> [read rate [=] <n>] [kbytes [=] <n>] [maxopenfiles [=] <n>];
release channel [<chann>];
Reporting
report { { need backup { {incremental | days} | redundancy } [=] <n> | unrecoverable } { datafile {‘<file>‘ | <n>} [, …] | tablespace ‘<ts>‘ [, …] | database [skip tablespace ‘<ts>‘ [, …]] } | obsolete { redundancy [=] <n> | recovery window of <x> days | orphan | until { time [=] ‘<date>’ | scn [=] <n> | logseq [=] <n> [thread [=] <n>] }} | schema [at { time [=] ‘<date>‘ | scn [=] <n> | logseq [=] <n> [thread [=] <n>] }] } [device type {disk | ‘<dev>‘} ];
list [expired] {copy | backup} of { datafile {‘<file>‘ | <n>} [, …] | tablespace ‘<ts>‘ [, …] | database [skip tablespace ‘<ts>‘ [, …]] | controlfile | archivelog { all | like ‘<file>‘ | {from | until} { time [=] ‘<date>‘ | scn [=] <n> | logseq [=] <n> [thread = <n>]} }} [tag [=] <tag>] [like ‘<string>‘] [device type ‘<dev>‘] [recoverable [until { time [=] ‘<date>‘ | scn [=] <n> | logseq [=] <n> [thread [=] <n>]} ]] [completed { {after | before} [=] ‘<date>‘ | between ‘<date>‘ and ‘<date>‘}][by backup [verbose] ][by {backup summary | file} ][summary];
list incarnation [of database [‘<id>‘]];
Backup
copy{ datafile {‘<file>‘ | <n>} | datafilecopy {‘<file>‘ | tag [=] <tag>} | archivelog ‘<log>‘ | controlfilecopy {‘<ctrl>‘ | tag [=] <tag>} | current controlfile } to ‘<dest>‘ [, …] [tag [=] ‘<tag>‘] [level [=] <n>] [nochecksum] [check logical];
set duplex = { off | on | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 };
backup [ full | incremental level [=] { 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 } ][cumulative] [nochecksum] [check logical] [proxy [only]] [(] { datafile {‘<file>‘ | <n>} [, …] | datafilecopy {‘<file>‘ | tag [=] <tag>} [, …] | tablespace ‘<ts>‘ [, …] | database | archivelog { all | like ‘<log>‘ | {from | until} { time [=] ‘<date>‘ | scn [=] <n> | logseq [=] <n> [thread = <n>] }} | current controlfile | controlfilecopy ‘<ctrl>’ } [not backed up [since time [=] ‘<date>’] ][plus archivelog][include current controlfile] [delete [all] input] [tag [=] <tag>] [format [=] ‘<fm>’] [filesperset [=] <n>] [channel <chann>] [skip {offline | readonly | inaccessible}] [setsize [=] <n>] [diskratio [=] <n>] [pool [=] <n>] [parms [=] ‘<par>‘] [)];
validate backupset <n> [, …] [check logical];
Restore & Recovery
set autolocate {on | off};
set archivelog destination to ‘<path>’;
set newname for datafile {‘<file>’ | <n>} to ‘<new>’;
restore [(] { database [skip [forever] tablespace <ts> [, …]] | tablespace ‘<ts>’ [, …] | datafile {‘<file>’ | <n>} [, …] | archivelog { all | like ‘<log>’ | {from | until} { time [=] ‘<date>’ | scn [=] <n> | logseq [=] <n> [thread = <n>] }} | controlfile [to ‘<ctrl>’] } [)] [channel <chann>] [from tag [=] ‘<tag>‘] [parms ‘<par>‘] [from {backupset | datafilecopy} ] [validate] [check readonly] [check logical] [ until { time [=] ‘<date>‘ | scn [=] <n> | logseq [=] <n> [thread [=] <n>] }];
replicate controlfile from ‘<ctrl>‘;
switch datafile { {‘<file>‘ | <n>} [to datafilecopy {‘<file>‘ | tag [=] <tag>} ] | all };
set until { time [=] ‘<date>‘ | scn [=] <n> | logseq [=] <n> [thread [=] <n>] };
recover { database [ until { time [=] ‘<date>‘ | scn [=] <n> | logseq [=] <n> [thread [=] <n>] }] [skip [forever] tablespace <ts> [, …] ] | tablespace ‘<ts>’ [, …] | datafile {‘<file>’ | <n>} [, …] } [delete archivelog] [check readonly] [check logical] [noredo];
blockrecover { datafile <x> block <x> [, …]| tablespace <ts> dba <x> [, …]| corruption list }[from {backupset | datafilecopy} ][from tag [=] ‘<tag>’][restore until { time [=] ‘<date>‘ | scn [=] <n> | sequence [=] <n> thread [=] <n> } ];
set auxname for datafile {‘<file>‘ | <n>} to {‘<new>‘ | null };
duplicate target database to ‘<db>‘ [logfile {‘<log>‘ [size <n>] [reuse] | group <n> (‘<log>‘ [, …]) [size <n>] [reuse] }] [nofilenamecheck] [skip readonly];
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22 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Views & Tables
v$dblink, v$db_pipes, v$aq, v$hs_agent, v$hs_session, v$hs_parameter, dba_db_links, dba_2pc_pending, dba_2pc_neighbors, dba_repcatlog, dba_repgroup, dba_repgroup_privileges,
dba_repcolumn, dba_repcolumn_group, dba_repgenobjects, dba_repgrouped_column, dba_repkey_columns, dba_repsites, dba_repsites_
new, dba_repobject, dba_reppriority,
dba_reppriority_group, dba_repprop, dba_repddl, dba_repconflict, dba_represolution,
dba_represolution_method, dba_represol_
stats_control, dba_represolution_statistics, dba_repparameter_column, dba_repcat_refresh_
templates, dba_repcat_template_objects, dba_repcat_template_parms, dba_repcat_template_
sites, user_repcat_temp_output, dba_repcat_user_authorizations, dba_repcat_user_parm_values, dba_jobs, dba_jobs_running, deftran, dba_snapshots, snap$, dba_snapshot_refresh_times, dba_snapshot_logs, dba_snapshot_
log_filter_cols, dba_registered_snapshots, dba_registered_snapshot_groups, dba_queues, dba_queue_tables, dba_queue_schedules, queue_privileges, dba_refresh, dba_refresh_
children, all_refresh_dependencies, dba_rchild, dba_rgroup, defcall, defcalldest, defdefaultdest, deferrcount, deferror, deflob, defpropagator, defschedule, deftran, deftrandest,
dba_mviews, dba_mview_aggregates, dba_mview_joins, dba_mview_keys, dba_mview_analysis, dba_mview_detail_relations, dba_summaries, dba_summary_aggregates, dba_summary_joins, dba_summary_keys, dba_summary_detail_tables, dba_dimensions,
dba_dim_levels, dba_dim_hierachies, dba_dim_child_of, dba_dim_attributes, dba_dim_join_key, dba_dim_level_key, mview$_exceptions, mviews$_recommendations,
mview$_evaluations, hs_all_caps, hs_class_caps, hs_base_caps, hs_inst_caps, hs_all_dd, hs_class_dd, hs_base_dd, hs_inst_dd, hs_all_inits, hs_class_init, hs_inst_init, hs_external_objects, hs_external_object_privileges,
hs_external_user_privileges, hs_fds_class, hs_fds_inst, trusted_servers
Parameters
global_names, open_links, open_links_per_instance,
distributed_transactions, commit_
point_strength, job_queue_processes, aq_tm_processes, dblink_encrypt_login, replication_dependency_tracking, query_rewrite_
enabled, query_rewrite_integrity, hs_autoregister, hs_commit_point_strength, hs_db_domain, hs_db_internal_name, hs_db_name, hs_describe_cache_hwm, hs_language, hs_nls_date_format, hs_nls_date_language, hs_nls_nchar, hs_open_cursors, hs_rowid_
cache_size, hs_rpc_fetch_reblocking, hs_fds_fetch_rows, hs_rpc_fetch_size
Packages
DBMS_REPCAT{create | drop}_master_repgroup, {suspend | resume}_master_activity, {create | drop}_master_repobject, set_columns, {add | remove}_master_database, alter_master_propagation, relocate_masterdef, {make | drop}_column_group, {add | drop}_grouped_column, {add | drop}_update_resolution, {define | drop}_priority_group, {add | alter | drop}_priority_<type>, {alter | drop}_priority, {define | drop}_site_priority,
{add | alter | drop}_site_priority_site, {add | drop}_unique_resolution, {add | drop}_delete_resolution, generate_{replication
| snapshot}_support, create_snapshot_
repobject, switch_snapshot_master, send_and_compare_old_values, {register | cancel | purge}_statistics, do_deferred_repcat_
admin, purge_master_log, repcat_import_
check, comment_on_{repgroup | repobject | repsites | column_group | priority_group | site_priority | unique_resolution
| update_resolution | delete_resolution},
{specify | add}_new_masters, prepare_instantiated_master, resume_propagation_to_mdef
DBMS_REPCAT_ADMINgrant_admin_{schema | any_schema}, register_user_repgroup
DBMS_REPCAT_INSTANTIATE
DBMS_REPCAT_RGTcreate_template_object
DBMS_REPUTILreplication_{on | off}
DBMS_DEFERtransaction, call, <type>_arg
DBMS_DEFER_SYS{add | delete}_default_destination, push, purge, delete_tran, execute_error, execute_error_as_user, delete_error, schedule_push, unschedule_push, set_disabled, disabled, schedule_purge, schedule_execution, register_propagator
DBMS_DEFER_QUERY
DBMS_OFFLINE_OG{begin | end}_instantiation, resume_subset_
of_masters, {begin | end}_load
DBMS_OFFLINE_SNAPSHOT{begin | end}_load
DBMS_REFRESHrefresh, change
DBMS_JOBsubmit, remove, change, what, next_date, interval, broken, run, instance
DBMS_RECTIFIER_DIFFdifferences, rectify
DBMS_AQ, DBMS_AQADM
DBMS_MVIEW (DBMS_SNAPSHOT){begin | end}_table_reorganization, purge_log, purge_direct_load_log, purge_snapshot_
from_log, purge_mview_from_log, {register | unregister}_snapshot, {register | unregister}_mview, set_i_am_a_refresh, i_am_a_refresh, refresh, refresh_mv, refresh_all, refresh_all_mviews, refresh_dependent,
get_log_age, get_mv_dependecies,
{set | wrap}_up, testing, explain_{mview | rewrite}, pmarker
DBMS_OLAPvalidate_dimension, estimate_space, recommend_mv, estimate_summary_size, evaluate_utilization, evaluate_utilization_
w, set_logfile_name
DEMO_DIMprint_dim, print_alldims
DEMO_SUMADV
DBMS_HScreate_inst_init, drop_inst_init, create_
fds_inst, drop_fds_inst
DBMS_HS_PASSTHROUGHexecute_immediate, open_cursor, bind_variable, execute_non_query, fetch_row, get_value, close_cursor
DBMS_DISTRIBUTED_TRUST_ADMINdeny_all, allow_all, deny_server, allow_
server
Files
catrep.sql, catdefer.sql, catrepc.sql, smdim.sql, sadvdemo.sql, caths.sql
Desupported Features
job_queue_interval, defcall, distributed_lock_timeout, snapshot_refresh_keep_connections, snapshot_refresh_processes, snapshot_refresh_
interval, distributed_recovery_connection_
hold_time, job_queue_keep_connectionsDistributed DB, Replication, Heterogenous Services, Advanced Queuing & Data Warehousing
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 23
Distributed DB, Replication, Heterogenous Services, Advanced Queuing & Data Warehousing (cont.)
Distributed DB
create [shared] [public] database link <link[@qual]> [connect to {<user> identified by <pwd> | current_user} ] [authenticated by <user> identified by <pwd>] [using ‘<netserv>‘];
alter session close database link <link>;
drop [public] database link <link>;
alter session advise {commit | rollback | nothing};
alter system {enable | disable} distributed recovery;
commit comment ‘ORA-2PC-CRASH-TEST-<1-10>‘;
Materialized Views
create {materialized view | snapshot} log on <tab> [tablespace <ts>] [storage (…)] [pctfree <10>] [pctused <40>] [initrans <1>] [maxtrans <n>] [logging | nologging] [cache | nocache] [noparallel | parallel [<n>]] [partition…] [lob…] [using index…] [with [primary key] [, rowid] [(<col> [, …])] ] [{including | excluding} new values];
alter {materialized view | snapshot} log on <tab> [add [primary key] [, rowid] [(<col> [, …])] ] […];
drop {materialized view | snapshot} log on <tab>;
create {materialized view | snapshot} <mview>[tablespace <ts>] [storage (…)] [pctfree <10>] [pctused <40>] [initrans <1>] [maxtrans <n>] [logging | nologging] [cache | nocache] [noparallel | parallel [<n>]] [cluster <clust> (<col> [, …])] [lob…] [partition…] [build {immediate | deferred}] [on prebuilt table [{with | without} reduced precision]] [using index…] [ refresh [fast | complete | force] [on commit | on demand] [start with ‘<date>’] [next ‘<date>’] [with {primary key | rowid}] [using [default] [master | local] rollback segment [<rbs>]] ] | never refresh ] [for update] [{enable | disable} query rewrite] as <query>;
alter {materialized view | snapshot} <mview> … [compile];
drop {materialized view | snapshot} <mview>;
Dimensions
create [force | noforce] dimension <dim> level <lev> is [(] <tab>.<col> [, …)] [level…] hierachy <hier> ( <child_lev> child of <parent_lev> [child of <parent_lev>…] [join key (<child_col> [, …] ) references <parent_lev>] [join…] ) [attribute <lev> determines [(] <dep_col> [, …)] ] [attribute…];
alter dimension <dim> { add { level… | hierachy… | attribute… } | drop { level <lev> [restrict | cascade] | hierachy <hier> | attribute <lev> } | compile };
drop dimension <dim>;
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24 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Processes
IDLM, PCM, OPQ, OPSM, OPSD
vendor OSDs:CM, Start, IO, IPC
(RegKeys: OSD, CMDLL, IODLL, IPCDLL, STARTDLL)
Views & Tables
gv$<dyn_perf_view>, v$active_instances, v$resource, v$resource_limit, v$ges_statistics,
v$ges_latch, v$ges_convert_local, v$ges_convert_remote, v$ges_enqueue, v$ges_blocking_enqueue, v$ges_resource, v$ges_traffic_controller, v$gc_element, v$cr_block_server, v$gc_elements_with_collisions,
v$cache_transfer, v$file_cache_transfer, v$temp_cache_transfer, v$class_cache_transfer,
v$false_ping, v$lock_activity, v$lock_element,
v$lock_class_ping, v$cache_lock, v$latch_misses, v$hvmaster_info, v$gcshvmaster_info, v$gcspfmaster_info, file_lock, ext_to_obj, oraping_config
Parameters
cluster_database, cluster_database_instances, cluster_interconnects, active_instance_count, thread, instance_name, instance_number, instance_groups, parallel_instance_group, service_names, dml_locks, gc_files_to_locks, gc_latches, max_commit_propagation_delay, parallel_default_max_scans, lock_name_space, cpu_count, trace_enabled, sessions_per_user????
Package
DBMS_LIBCACHEcompile_from_remote
Files
init<db_name>.ora, <db_name>.conf,
utlclust.sql, catclust.sql, clustdb.sql, catlibc.sql, dbmslibc.sql
Desupported Features
v$dlm_misc, v$dlm_latch, v$dlm_convert_local,
v$dlm_covert_remote, v$dlm_locks, v$dlm_ress, v$dlm_all_locks, v$dlm_traffic_controller, v$lock_element, v$bsp, v$locks_with_collisions, v$file_ping, v$temp_ping, v$ping, v$class_ping
init_com.ora
parallel_server, parallel_server_instances, ops_interconnects, gc_defer_time, gc_releasable_
locks, gc_rollback_locks, lm_locks, lm_ress, gc_latches, gc_lck_procs, delayed_
logging_block_cleanouts, freeze_db_for_fast_instance_recovery, ogms_home, ops_admin_group, lm_procs
SQL
alter session instance_number...??
alter {table | cluster | index} <segm> allocate extent ( [size <n>] [datafile ‘<file>‘] [instance <n>] );
create {table | cluster | index} <segm>… storage ( … [freelists <1>] [freelist groups <1>] … ) …;Real Application Clusters
Utilities
srvctl { <cmd> –h| config [–p <db>]| {start | stop} –p <db> [–i <inst> | –s {<inst> | <lsnr>}]| status –p <db> [–s {<inst> | <lsnr>}]| add { db –p <db> –o <oracle_home> | instance –p <db> –i <inst> –n <node> }| delete { db –p <db> | instance –p <db> –i <inst> }| rename instance –p <db> –i <old> –e <new>| move instance –p <db> –i <inst> –n <new_node>| get env –p <db> [–i <inst>]| set env –p <db> –t <var> = <val> [–i <inst>]| unset env –p <db> –t <var> [–i <inst>] }
srvconfig { –init | {–exp | –imp} <file> | –conv <db.conf> }
gsd, gsdservice { –start | –install | –remove }
opsctl [start | stop] –c <user>/<pwd> –n <db> [–i <sid> [, …]][–f] [–t] [–u] [–m] [–y | e] [–v] [–h]
GUIOracleOBJManager, setlinks /f:<file> /d
crtsrv.bat
Fail Safe & RAC Guard
fscmd { dumpcluster | movegroup | onlinegroup | offlinegroup | onlineresource | offlineresource | verifygroup | verifyallgroups } <resource> /cluster = <clust> [/logfile = <log>] [/node = <node>] [/offline = { abort | immediate | transactional | normal } ] [/domain = <OSdomain> /user = <OSuser> /pwd = <pwd>]
pfsctl { help | pfsboot | pfshalt | status | restore| move_primary [<sec>]| stop_secondary [<sec>]| bootone <pack> [-f]| haltone <pack>| switchover [<sec>]| call_home| report [-f <file>] [-d yyyy/mm/ss-hh:mi:ss] [-s] }
$ORACLE_SERVICE, pfssetup
createpacks, deletepacks
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 25
Real Application Clusters (cont.)
Tuning/Contention (RAC)
Global Cache Service (GCS)
«global cache %» (v$sysstat, class 40)
contention:«global cache cr timeouts» = 0«global cache convert timeouts» = 0
cache fusion latency: «global cache cr block receive time» / «global cache cr blocks received»: ~ 15 ms (1 ms with user mode IPC, OPS8i: ~ 1-40 ms)«global cache current block receive time» / «global cache current blocks received»
LMS service time (sum & individual):«global cache cr (queue + build + flush + send) time» / «global cache cr blocks served»«global cache current (pin + flush + send) time» / «global cache current blocks served»
average get time: ~ 20-30 ms«global cache get time» / «global cache gets»
average convert time: ~ 10-20 ms«global cache convert time» / «global cache converts»
other statistics:v$cache (forced_writes = 0, forced_reads), v$cache_transfer, v$bh, v$class_cache_transfer, v$file_cache_transfer, v$rowcache (dc_sequences, dc_used_extents)
Global Enqueue Service (GES)
«global lock %» (v$sysstat, class 32)
average global enqueue get time: ~ 20-30 ms«global lock get time» / («global lock sync gets» + «global lock async gets»)
average global lock convert time: ~ 20 ms«global lock convert time» / («global lock sync converts» + «global lock async converts»)
other statistics:v$lock_activity, v$ges_statistics, v$ges_convert_local, v$ges_convert_remote, v$rowcache, v$librarycache
Wait Events
v$system_event
statistics:«buffer busy %», «cr request entry», «db file %», «enqueue», «global cache %», «KJC: wait %», «library cache pin», «log file sync», «row cache lock»
contention:
«global cache busy», «buffer busy due to global cache»
Latches
v$latch:gets / misses ~ 0.9-0.95
v$latch_misses:sleeps / misses
Sequences
use sequence number multipliers
cache sequence numbers
Tuning/Contention (OPS 8i)
Global cache
consistent-read requests:«global cache cr block received» + «global cache cr blocks read from disk»
Global locks
IDLM non-PCM resources:v$librarycache, v$rowcache
IDLM
lock statistics:v$dlm_convert_local, v$dlm_convert_remote
message statistics: (v$dlm_misc) average receive queue length: < 10«dlm total incoming msg queue length» / «dlm messages received»
OPS I/O
«DBWR forced writes» / «physical writes» (v$sysstat)
(«remote instance undo header writes» + «remote
instance undo block writes») / «DBWR forced writes» (v$sysstat)
Locking
«releasable freelist waits» (v$sysstat)
Lock conversion
lock hit ratio: (v$sysstat)consistent gets» – «global lock converts (async)» / «consistent gets» > 95%, «lock element cleanup» (v$system_event, v$session_wait), v$lock_activity, v$class_ping, v$ping
Pinging
ping write ratio: (v$sysstat)«DBWR cross instance writes» / «physical writes», v$lock_activity
Block contention
v$bh, v$cache, v$pingmult. copies of 2nd block of file -> freelist contention (check v$waitstat)
Partitioning
partition tables and indexes OR configure process free lists and free list groups + allocate extents for instances (free list group choice: «alter session set instance = <n>;»)
PCM Locks
«lm_locks» = «lm_ress» = 2 * (gc_files_to_locks + gc_rollback_locks [fixed] + gc_releasable_locks), v$resource_limit,
Enqu. Locks
20 + (10*sess) + db_files + 1 + (2*proc) + (db_block_buffers/64)
DML Locks
set «dml_locks» = 0 for all instances, or disable specific table locks
Recovery
«instance recovery database freeze count» (v$sysstat)
Inst. groups
«alter session set parallel_instance_group = <grp>;»
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26 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Globalization Support
Views & Tables
v$nls_parameters, v$nls_valid_values, v$timezone_names, nls_database_parameters, nls_instance_parameters, nls_session_parameters,
props$, csmv$columns, csmv$constraints, csmv$errors, csmv$indexes, csmv$tables
Packages
DBMS_SESSIONset_nls(<name>,<value>)
Files
<prod><lang>.msb, timezone.dat, timezlrg.dat, csminst.sql
Server: Init. Parameters
nls_language
• nls_date_language
• nls_sort
nls_territory
• nls_date_format
• nls_currency (fm L), nls_iso_currency (fm C), nls_dual_currency
• nls_numeric_characters (fm DG)
• nls_calendar
• nls_comp
• nls_length_semantics
• nls_nchar_conv_excp
• nls_time_format
• nls_timestamp_format
• nls_timestamp_tz_format
• nls_time_tz_format
$ORA_TZFILE
Client: Environment Variables
nls_lang, nls_nchar
• nls_date_language
• nls_sort
• nls_date_format
• nls_currency, nls_iso_currency, nls_dual_currency
• nls_numeric_characters
• nls_comp
• nls_calendar
• nls_credit, nls_debit
• nls_list_separator
• nls_display
• nls_monetary
Session:
alter session set nls_language = <lang> nls_territory = <territ>;
alter session set time_zone = <x>;
NLS-Affected SQL-Functions
to_char • nls_date_language• nls_numeric_characters• nls_currency• nls_iso_currency• nls_calendar
to_date• nls_date_language• nls_calendar
to_number• nls_numeric_characters• nls_currency• nls_iso_currency
nls_upper• nls_sort
nls_lower• nls_sort
nls_initcap• nls_sort
nlssort• nls_sort
Datetime Functions
Character Set & Timezone
create database …[character set {<charset> << OS dependent | <UTF8> | <UTFE> | <AL32UTF8>} ] [national character set << 9i: Unicode only {<UTF8> | <AL16UTF16>} ] [set time_zone = { ‘<{+|-}hh:mi>’ | ‘<time_zone_region>’ } ] …
alter database [<db>] [national] character set <new_char>; << must be strict superset
<< AL24UTFFSS is desupported in 9i
Utilities
csscanhelp = <n> userid = <user>/<pwd> parfile = <par> log = <scan.log> user = <schema> table = (<tab> [, …) exclude = (<tab> [, …) tochar = <new> fromchar = <old> tonchar = <new> fromnchar = <old> array
= <10240> process = <1> maxblocks = <x> capture = <n> suppress = <x> feedback = <x> boundaries = <x> lastrpt = <n> preserve = <n>
lbuilder
lxegen
lxinst [oranls=<$ORA_NLS33>] [sysdir=<path>] [destdir=<path>] [help=<no>] [warning={0 | 1 | 2 | 3}]
lxbcnf [oranls=<$ORA_NLS33>] [userbootdir=<path>] [destdir=<path>] [help=<no>]
Desupported Features
nls_monetary_characters, nls_list_separator, nls_credit, nls_debit, nls_union_currency
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 27
sqlplus [ -h[elp] | -v[ersion] | [-m[arkup] html [on | off] [head “<txt>”] [body “<txt>”] [table “<txt>”] [entmap {on | off}] [spool {on | off}] [pre[format] {on | off}] [-r[estrict] <1 | 2 | 3>] [-s[ilent]] ][ <user>[/<pwd>][@<serv>] | / ] [ as {sysoper | sysdba} | /nolog ][ @<URI | file>[.<ext>] [<arg>, …]]
Environment
appi[nfo] {on|off|<text>}, array[size] [<15>], auto[commit] {on|off|imm[ediate]|<n>}, autop[rint] {on|off}, autorecovery [on|off], autot[race] {on|off|trace[only]} [exp[lain]] [stat[istics]], blo[ckterminator] <.>, cmds[ep] {<;>|on|off}, colsep <_>, com[patibility] {native|v8|v7}, con[cat] {<c>|on|off}, copyc[ommit] <0>, copytypecheck {on|off}, def[ine] {<&>|on|off}, describe [depth {<1>|all} | indent {on|off} | linenum
{on|off}], echo {on|off}, editf[ile] <file>[.<ext>], emb[edded] {on|off}, esc[ape] {<\>|on|off}, feed[back] {<6>|on|off}, flagger
{off|entry|intermed[iate]|full}, flu[sh] {on|off}, hea[ding] {on|off}, heads[ep] {||on|off}, instance {<serv>|local}, lin[esize] <80>, lobof[fset] <1>, logsource [<path>], long <80>, longc[hunksize] <80>, m[arkup] html [on | off] [head “<txt>”] [body “<txt>”] [table “<txt>”] [entmap {on | off}] [spool {on | off}] [pre[format] {on | off}], newp[age] {<1>|none}, null <txt>, numf[ormat] <fmt>, num[width] <10>, pages[ize] <24>, pau[se] {on|off|<txt>}, recsep {wr[apped]|ea[ch]|off}, recsepchar <_>, serverout[put] {on|off} [size <2000>] [for[mat] {wra[pped]|wor[d_wrapped|tru[ncated]}], shift[inout] {vis[ible]|inv[isible]}, show[mode] {on|off}, sqlbl[anklines] {on|off}, sqlc[ase] {mix[ed]|lo[wer]|up[per]}, sqlc[ontinue] <>>, sqln[umber] {on|off}, sqlpluscompat[ibility] <x.y[.z]>, sqlpre[fix] <#>, sqlp[rompt] <SQL>>, sqlt[erminator] {<;>|on|off>}, suf[fix] <SQL>, tab {on|off}, term[out] {on|off}, ti[me] {on|off}, timi[ng] {on|off}, trim[out] {on|off}, trims[pool] {on|off}, und[erline] {<->|on|off}, ver[ify] {on|off}, wra[p] {on|off}
sql.pno, sql.lno, sql.release, sql.sqlcode, sql.user
SQL Buffer Manipulation
ed[it], a[ppend], c[hange] /<old> [/<new>], cl[ear] buff[er], del [<n>] [<y>] [*] [last], l[ist] [<n>] [<y>] [*] [last], i[nput]
Data Types SQL*Plus
var[iable] [<var> [ number | char | char (<n>) | nchar | nchar (<n>) | varchar2 (<n>) | nvarchar2 (<n>) | clob | nclob | refcursor] ]
char: max. 2.000B, varchar: max. 4000B
Commands
/, r[un]
@<file>, @@<file>, start <file>
sav[e] <file> [cre[ate] | rep[lace] | app[end] ]
get <file> [ lis[t] | nol[ist] ]
spo[ol] {<file> | off | out}
pri[nt] [<var>], help, rem[ark], set, show
{ho[st] | ! | $} <cmd>
store [set] <file> [ cre[ate] | rep[lace] | app[end] ]
def[ine] <var> = <value>
undef[ine] <var>
pro[mpt] [<string>]
pau[se] [<string>]
conn[ect] { / | <user/pwd> | internal [<pwd>] } [as {sysdba | sysoper}]<< desupported
disc[onnect]
passw[ord] [<user>]
startup, shutdown, recover
Data Access
attribute <object_type>.<attr> [ali[as] <name>] [for[mat] <fm>] [like <attr>] [cle[ar] ] [on |off]
acc[ept] <var> [num[ber] | char | date] [for[mat] <fm>] [def[ault] <def>] [prompt <string> | nopr[ompt] ] [hide]
desc[ribe] { <tab> | <view> | <pack> | <func> | <proc> | <syn> | <type> }
sho[w] { <var> | all | err[ors] [{ package | package body | function | procedure | view | trigger | type | type body | dimension | java class } <name>] | lno | pno | user | tti[tle] | bti[tile] | reph[eader] | repf[ooter] | spoo[l] | sqlcode | sga | parameters | release }
timi[ng] [start <string> | show | stop]
exec[ute] { <:var> := <func> (<par> [, …]) | <proc> (<par> [, …]) }
whenever {sqlerror | oserror} { exit… | continue [commit | rollback | none] }
{exit | quit} [success | failure | warning | <n> | <var> | <:var>] [commit | rollback]
copy [from <user>@<db>] [to <user>@<db>] {create | replace | insert | append} <tab> [(<col>, …)] using <query>;
Formatting
{ tti[tle] | bti[tle] | reph[eader] | repf[ooter] } [ [page] [ le[ft] | ce[nter] | r[ight] ] [col <n>] [tab <n>] [bold] [s[kip] <n>] [format <fm>] [‘<string>’] [<var>] […] | {on | off} ]
col[umn] [ <col> { [for[mat] <fm>] [ wra[pped] | wor[d_wrapped] | tru[ncated] ] [hea[ding] <string>] [ali[as] <alias>] [nul[l] <string>] [ fold_a[fter] | fold_b[efore]] [like <alias>] [newl[ine]] [ {new_v[alue] | old_v[alue]} <var>] [ jus[tify] { l[eft] | c[enter] | c[entre] | r[ight] }] | {on | off} | {print | noprint} | cle[ar] }]
bre[ak] [on {<bcol> | row | report | <expr>} [ski[p] <n> | page] [on…] [nodup[licates] | dup[licates]] ]
comp[ute] [{ sum | min[imum] | max[imum] | avg | std | var[iance] | cou[nt] | num[ber] } […] [la[bel] <lab>] of <col> [<col>…] on {<bcol> | row | report} ]
clear { scr[een] | col[umns] | bre[aks] | comp[utes] | sql | timi[ng] | buff[er] }SQL*Plus
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28 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Data Types (PL/SQL & Database)
Views & Tables
v$type_size, v$temporary_lobs, v$timezone_names, dba_types, dba_type_attrs,
dba_type_methods, dba_coll_types, dba_lobs, dba_part_lobs, dba_lob_partitions, dba_lob_subpartitions, dba_varrays, dba_refs, dba_operators, dba_oparguments, dba_opbindings,
dba_opancillary, dba_method_params, dba_method_results, dba_directories, dba_rulesets
SQL-Functions
Parameters
Scalar Types (Built-in Types)
character
• char (<1> [byte | char]) type 96{col: 2.000B, pl: 32.767B}(Subtype: character)
• varchar2 (<n> [byte | char]) type 1{col: 4.000B, pl: 32.767B (preallocated < 2000B)} (Subtypes: string, varchar) << deprec.
• nchar (<1>) type 96{col: 2.000B, pl: 32.767B, unicode only}national character literal: N’<string>’
• nvarchar2 (<n>) type 1{col: 4.000B, pl: 32.767B, unicode only}
binary_integer
• {pl: -2.147.483.647 .. 2.147.483.647} library arithmetic (Subtypes: natural {non-neg.}, naturaln {not null} positive{pos.}, positiven {not null}, signtype{-1,0,1} )
pls_integer
• {pl: -2.147.483.647 .. 2.147.483.647} machine arithmetic
number [(<prec>[, <scal>])] type 2
• {precision: 38 digits, scale: -84 to 127, 21B (20B Mantisse, 1B Exponent)} (Subtypes: dec, decimal, double precision,
float, int, integer, numeric, real, smallint)
datetime and interval
• date type 12/13{7B = CentYearMonDayHourMinSec, 8B, -4.712 to 9.999}ANSI date literal: date ’<yyyy-mm-dd>’
• timestamp [(<6>)] type 180 [ with time zone type 181/187/188 | with local time zone ] type 231{20B}timestamp literal: timestamp ‘<yyyy-mm-dd ...>’
• interval year [(<2>)] to month type 182
• interval day [(<2>)] to second [(<6>)] type 183
raw (<n>) type 23
• {col: 2.000B, pl: 32.767B}
large objects
• long type 8 << deprecated{col: 231-1B=2G, pl: 32.760B}
• long raw type 24 << deprecated{col: 231-1B=2G, pl: 32.760B}
• internal: CLOB, NCLOB type 112BLOB type 113{col: 232-1B=4G, inline ~4000b, else out of line}
• external: BFILE {pointer} type 114{ext. LOB: 232-1B=4G}create [or replace] directory <dir> as ‘<path>’;drop directory <dir>;
rowid
• rowid type 69{extented: 10B, restricted: 6B (block.row.file), physical rowid}
• urowid [(<4000B>)] type 208col: 4.000B (IOT logical urowid or foreign table foreign urowid)
boolean
• {pl: true | false | null}
subtype <subtype> is <base_type> [not null];
ANSI Supported Types
character [varying] (<n>)
{char | nchar} varying (<n>)
varchar (<n>)
national {character | char} [varying] (<n>)
{numeric | decimal | dec} [(<prec>[, <scal>])]
{integer | int | smallint}
float [(<n>)]
double precision
real
Relationship Types
ref
• ref cursor, ref <otype> {pointer}
Record Types
logical unit of dissimilar types
record may not be DB col
type <rec_type> is record (<field> {<type> | <tab>.<col>%type} [[not null] {:= | default} <expr>] [, …]);
<record> {<rec_type> | <tab>%rowtype};
<rec_var>.<field> := <expr>;
Collection
elements of same typeinitialized by constructor <collect>(…)
varray may be DB col
nested table may be DB col
index-by table must not be DB col
type <varr_type> is {varray | varying array} (<size>) of <type> [not null];
type <tab_type> is table of <type> [not null] [index by binary_integer];
<coll> {<varr_type> | <tab_type>};
<coll>(<subscript>)[.<item>] := <expr>;
<coll>.<method>count, delete [ (<i> [,<j>] ) ], exists(<i>), extend [(<n> [,<i>] )], limit, first, last, next(<i>), prior(<i>), trim [ (<i>) ]
User-defined Types
abstract types
initialized by constructor <type>(…)
create [or replace] type <type>;forward type definition / incomplete type
create [or replace] type <type> [authid {current_user | definer}] {is | as} { object ( <attr> <type> [, …] [, {static | [map | order] member} {function | procedure} <func> [( {self | <par>} [in | out | in out] <type> [, …] )] [return <type>] [ {is | as} language { java name ‘<func>‘ | C [name <func>] library <lib> [with context] [parameters (<par>) }] [, pragma restrict_references ( {<method> | default}, {rnds | wnds | rnps | wnps | trust} )] [, …] ]) | {varray | varying array} (<n>) of <type> | table of <type> };
create [or replace] type body <type> {is | as} {static | [map | order] member} {function | procedure} <func> [( {self | <par>} [in | out | in out] <type> [, …] )] [return <type>] [ {is | as} { begin <stat>; end [<func>]; | language { java name ‘<func>‘ | C [name <func>] library <lib> [with context] [parameters (<par>)] }} [, …] end;
alter type <type> { compile [debug] [specification | body] | replace as object (<attr> <type> [, …] [, {static | [map | order] member} {function | procedure} <func> [( {self | <par>} [in | out | in out] <type> [, …] )] [return <type>] [, pragma restrict_references ( {<method> | default}, {rnds | wnds | rnps | wnps | trust} )] [, …]] )};
drop type [body] <type> [force];
[ref] obj_type, type, varchar2(x), number[(p,s)], date, raw(x), char[acter](x), char varying(x), varchar(x), numeric[(p,s)], dec[imal] [(p,s)], int[eger], smallint, float[(x)], double precision, real, blob, clob, bfile
Maximum Row Size
row header (min. 3B) + SUM(max. field length + length indicator (<=250: 1B, >250: 3B))
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 29
Oracle Supplied Types
SYS.AnyData
SYS.AnyType
SYS.AnyDataSet
SYS.XMLType
SYS.UriType
SYS.UriFactoryType
MDSYS.SDO_Geometry
ORDSYS.ORDAudio
ORDSYS.ORDImage
ORDSYS.ORDVideo
Data Types (PL/SQL & Database) (cont.)
Implicit Type Conversion
char
varchar2
date
datetime/interval
long
number
raw
rowid
clob
blob
nchar
nvarchar2
nclob
char
—
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
varchar2
X
—
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
date
X
X
—
X
X
datetime/interval
X
X
—
X
X
X
X
long
X
X
X
—
X
X
X
X
X
number
X
X
—
X
X
raw
X
X
X
—
X
X
X
rowid
X
X
—
X
X
clob
X
X
X
—
blob
X
—
nchar
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
—
X
X
nvarchar2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
—
X
nclob
X
X
X
—
Explicit Type Conversion (SQL Conversion Functions)
char, varchar2,
nchar, nvarchar2
number
datetime/interval
raw
rowid
long, long raw
clob, nclob, blob
char, varchar2,
nchar, nvarchar2
to_char (char),
to_nchar (char)
to_number
to_date, to_timestamp, to_timestamp_tz, to_yminterval, to_dsinterval
hextoraw
chartorowid
to_clob,
to_nclob
number
to_char (number), to_nchar (number)
—
to_date, to_yminterval, to_dsinterval
datetime/interval
o_char (date), to_nchar (datetime)
—
raw
rawtohex,
rawtonhex
—
to_blob
rowid
rowidtochar
—
long, long raw
—
to_lob
clob, nclob, blob
to_char,
to_nchar
to_clob,
to_nclob
Explicit Type Conversion (Cast Function)
cast ( { <expr> | (<subquery>) | multiset (<subquery>) } as <type> )
char, varchar2
number
datetime, interval
raw
rowid, urowid
nchar, nvarchar2
char, varchar2
X
X
X
X
X
number
X
X
date, timestamp, interval
X
X
raw
X
X
rowid, urowid
X
X
nchar, nvarchar2
X
X
X
X
X
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30 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
SQL, PL/SQL & Java
Views & Tables
v$reserved_words, v$resumable, dba_source, dba_errors, dba_dependencies, deptree, ideptree, dba_libraries, dba_outlines, dba_outline_hints, dba_resumable, outln.ol$, outln.ol$hints, java$options, java$class$md5$table, create$java$lob$table, dba_workspace_sessions, all_workspaces, all_workspace_privs, all_workspace_savepoints, all_version_hview, all_wm_locked_tables, all_wm_modified_tables, all_wm_ric_info, all_wm_tab_triggers, all_wm_versioned_tables, role_wm_privs, user_wm_privs, <tab>_conf, <tab>_diff, <tab>_lock, <tab>_lt, <tab>_hist, <tab>_wm
Parameters
optimizer_mode, db_file_multiblock_read_count, optimizer_features_enable, optimizer_index_caching, optimizer_index_
cost_adj, optimizer_max_permutations, complex_view_merging, partition_view_enabled,
hash_join_enabled, hash_area_size, star_transformation_enabled, row_locking, sql_trace, timed_statistics, create_stored_outlines,
use_stored_outlines, utl_file_dir, plsql_v2_compatibility, remote_dependencies_
mode, undo_retention, plsql_compiler_flags, cursor_sharing
Packages
DBMS_STANDARD,
DBMS_TRACE{set | pause | resume | clear | comment | limit}_plsql_trace, plsql_trace_version, get_plsql_trace_runnumber, internal_version_
check
DBMS_LOCK
DBMS_DESCRIBE
DBMS_METADATAget_{ddl | xml | dependent_ddl | dependent_
xml | granted_ddl | granted_xml | query}, open, fetch_{ddl | ddl_text | xml | clob}, close, set_{filter | count | parse_item | debug}, add_transform, set_transform_param, free_context_entry
DBMS_FLASHBACKenable_at_{time | system_change_number},
disable, get_system_change_number
DBMS_RESUMABLEabort, {get | set}_timeout, {get | set}_session_
timeout, space_error_info
DBMS_DDL
DBMS_DEBUG
DBMS_PROFILER
DBMS_ALERT
DBMS_OUTPUTput, {new | put | get}_line, get_lines, enable, disable
DBMS_PIPE{pack | unpack}_message[_{raw | rowid} ], next_item_type, {send | receive}_message, unique_name_session, purge
DBMS_SQL{open | close}_cursor, parse, last_error_
position, bind_{variable | array}, define_{column | column_long | array}, execute, describe_columns, fetch_rows, execute_and_fetch, last_row_{count | id}, {column | variable}_value, column_value_long, is_open, last_sql_function_code
DBMS_LDAP
DBMS_TRANSACTIONadvise_{commit | nothing | rollback}, commit, commit_{comment | force}, local_transaction_id, purge_lost_db_entry, purge_mixed, read_{only | write}, rollback, rollback_{force | savepoint}, savepoint, step_id, use_rollback_segment, begin_discrete_
transaction>> Discrete transactions do not generate undo information! <<
DBMS_WM{alter | goto}savepoint, {create | alter | merge | compress | freeze | get | goto | refresh | remove | rollback | unfreeze}workspace, {begin | commit}resolve, {get | set}conflictworkspace, {remove | compress}workspacetree, {enable | disable}versioning, {get | set}diffversions, getlockmode, {get | set}multiworkspaces, getopcontext, {grant | revoke}{system | workspace}priv, getprivs, gotodate, copyforupdate, {create | delete}savepoint, isworkspaceoccupied, {lock | unlock}rows, {merge | refresh | rollback}table, resolveconflicts, rollback{resolve | tosp}, set{locking | wooverwrite | workspacelockmode}{on | off}
DBMS_JAVAserver_{startup | shutdown}, longname, shortname, {get | set | reset}_compiler_option,
set_{output | streams}, {start | end}_{import | export}, {start | stop}_debugging, register_endpoint, notifiy_at_{startup | shutdown}, remove_from_{startup | shutdown}
DBMS_LOBappend, close, compare, converttoclob, copy, {create | free}temporary, erase, fileclose, filecloseall, fileexists, filegetname, fileisopen, fileopen, getchunksize, getlength,
instr, isopen, istemporary, loadfromfile,
open, read, substr, trim, write, writeappend
DBMS_OBFUSCATION_TOOLKITdesencrypt, desdecrypt, des3encrypt, des3decrypt, md5, desgetkey, des3getkey
UTL_FILEfopen, fopen_nchar, is_open, fclose, fclose_all, fflush, new_line, get_line, get_line_nchar, put_line, put_line_nchar, put, put_nchar, putf, putf_nchar, fcopy, fgetattr, fgetpos, fremove, frename, fseek, get_raw, put_raw
UTL_HTTP
UTL_URL
UTL_TCP
UTL_SMTP
UTL_ENCODE
UTL_INADDR
UTL_RAWcast_{to | from}_{number | binary_integer}
OUTLN_PKGdrop_unused, {drop | update}_by_cat, drop_{collision | extras | unrefd_hints}[_expact], deptree_fill
SQLJUTLhas_default
Files
tracetab.sql, utldtree.sql, initjvm.sql, utljavarm.sql, sqljutl.sql, owminst.plb
Desupported Features
hash_multiblock_io_count, optimizer_
percent_parallel, always_anti_join, always_semi_join, fast_full_scan_enabled, push_join_predicate
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 31
Number Functions
abs, acos, asin, atan, atan2, bitand, ceil, cos, cosh, exp, floor, ln, log, mod, power, round, sign, sin, sinh, sqrt, tan, tanh, trunc, width_bucket
Character Functions
chr, concat, initcap, lower, lpad, ltrim, nls_initcap, nls_lower, nlssort, nls_upper, replace, rpad, rtrim, soundex, substr[b|c|2|4], translate, treat, trim, upper
ascii, instr[b|c|2|4], length[b|c|2|4]Datetime Functions
add_months, current_date, current_timestamp,
dbtimezone, extract, from_tz, last_day, localtimestamp, month_between, new_time, next_day, numtodsinterval, numtoyminterval, round, sessiontimezone, sys_extract_utc, systimestamp, sysdate, to_dsinterval, to_timestamp,
to_timestamp_tz, to_yminterval, trunc, tz_offset
Conversion Functions
asciistr, bin_to_num, cast…[multiset], chartorowid, compose, convert, decompose, hextoraw, numtodsinterval, numtoyminterval, rawtohex, rawtonhex, rowidtochar, rowidtonchar,
to_char, to_clob, to_date, to_dsinterval, to_lob, to_multi_byte, to_nchar, to_nclob, to_number, to_single_byte, to_yminterval, translate…using, unistr
Micellaneous Functions
bfilename, coalesce, decode, dump, empty_blob, empty_clob, existsnode, extract, greatest, least, nls_charset_decl_len, nls_charset_id, nls_charset_name, nullif, nvl, nvl2, sys_connect_
by_path, sys_context, sys_dburigen, sys_extract_utc, sys_guid, sys_typeid, sys_xmlagg,
sys_xmlgen, uid, user, userenv, vsize
Aggregate Functions
avg, corr, count, covar_pop, covar_samp, cume_dist, dense_rank, first, group_id, grouping,
grouping_id, last, max, min, percentile_
cont, percentile_disc, percent_rank, rank, regr, stddev, stddev_pop, stddev_samp, sum, var_pop, var_samp, variance
Object Reference Functions
deref, make_ref, ref, reftohex, value
Format Models
<fm> = 9 0 $ B MI S PR D G C L , . V EEEE RN DATE A<n>
Analytic Functions
Ranking:{ rank() | dense_rank() | cume_dist() | percent_rank() | ntile(<n>) | row_number() } over ([partition by <col> [, …]] order by <col> [, …] [asc | desc] [nulls {first | last}])
Window Aggregate:{ count | sum | avg | min | max | stddev | variance | var_samp | var_pop | stddev_samp | stddev_pop | covar_samp | covar_pop | regr_slope | regr_intercept | regr_r2 | regr_avgx | regr_avgy | regr_count | regr_sxx | regr_sxy | regr_syy } (<col>) over ( [partition by <col> [, …]] order by <col> [, …] {rows | range} [ { between <n> | unbounded | interval ‘<n>‘ day } preceding] [ { [and] <n> | unbounded | interval ‘<n>‘ day } following] [current row] [first_value()] [last_value()] [asc | desc] [nulls {first | last}] )
Reporting Aggregate:{<WA-Func> | ratio_to_report} (<col>) over ( [partition by <col> [, …]] [asc | desc] [nulls {first | last}] )
LAG/LEAD:{lag | lead} (<col>, <default>) over ( order by <col> [, …] [asc | desc] [nulls {first | last}] )
SQL Statement Types
DDLcreate, alter, drop, truncate, rename, comment, grant, revoke, audit, noaudit, analyze, {associate | disassociate} statistics
DMLselect, insert, update, delete, merge, lock table, explain plan, call
TxCtlcommit, rollback, savepoint, set transaction
SessCtlalter session, set role
SysCtlalter system
SQL, PL/SQL & Java (cont.)Optimizer
Access Paths
1 single row by rowid
2 single row by cluster join
3 single row by hash cluster key with unique or primary key
4 single row by unique or primary key
5 cluster join
6 hash cluster key
7 indexed cluster key
8 composite key
9 single-column indexes
10 bounded range search on indexed columns
11 unbounded range search on indexed columns
12 sort-merge join
13 max or min of indexed column
14 order by on indexed columns
15 full table scan
-- sample table scan
-- fast full index scan
-- index join
-- bitmap index scanHints
{select | update | delete} { /*+ <HINT> [text] */ | --+ <HINT> [text] }
RULE, CHOOSE, ALL_ROWS, FIRST_ROWS [(<n>)], FULL (<tab>), ROWID (<tab>), CLUSTER (<tab>), HASH (<tab>), HASH_AJ, HASH_SJ, INDEX (<tab> [<ind> […] ] ), INDEX_ASC (<tab> [<ind> […] ] ), INDEX_DESC (<tab> [<ind> […] ] ), INDEX_COMBINE (<tab> [<ind> […] ] ), INDEX_JOIN (<tab> [<ind> […] ] ), INDEX_FFS (<tab> [<ind> […] ] ), NO_INDEX (<tab> [<ind> […] ] ), MERGE_AJ, MERGE_SJ, AND_EQUAL (<tab> <ind> <ind> […] ), USE_CONCAT, NO_EXPAND, NOREWRITE, REWRITE [ (<mview> [, …] ) ], ORDERED, STAR, USE_NL (<tab> […] ), USE_MERGE (<tab> […] ), USE_HASH (<tab> […] ), DRIVING_SITE (<tab> […] ), PARALLEL (<tab> [, {<n> | default} [ {<n> | default} ] ] ), NOPARALLEL (<tab> […] ), PQ_DISTRIBUTE
(<tab> [,] <out>, <in>), APPEND, NOAPPEND, PARALLEL_INDEX (<tab> [<ind> [, …] ] [, {<n> | default} [ {<n> | default} ] ] ), NOPARALLEL_INDEX (<tab> [<ind> [, …] ] ), CACHE (<tab> […] ), NOCACHE (<tab> […] ), MERGE (<tab>), NOMERGE (<tab>), PUSH_JOIN_PRED (<tab>), NO_PUSH_JOIN_PRED (<tab>), PUSH_SUBQ, STAR_TRANSFORMATION,
ORDERED_PREDICATES, CURSOR_
SHARING_EXACT, DYNAMIC_SAMPLING ([<tab>] <n>)
Serial direct-load insert:insert /*+APPEND */ into <tab> <query>;
Parallel direct-load insert:alter session {enable | force} parallel dml;insert /*+PARALLEL(<tab>,<n>) */ into <tab> <query>;
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32 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Queries
select { [aggr_func (] [ {distinct | unique} | all ] { [<alias>.]<col> | * } [)] [ { + | - | * | / } <expr>] [as] [“<alias>”] [, …] | <seq>.{nextval | currval} | cursor (<subquery>) }
from { [(] [<schema>.] <tab/view/snapshot>[@<dblink>] [partition (<part>)] [subpartition (<subpart>)] [<alias>] [, …] [sample [block] (<n>)] [ [inner | {left | right | full} [outer] ] join <tab> { on <expr> | using (<col> [, …]) } | cross join <tab> | natural [inner | {left | right | full} [outer] ] join <tab> ] [)]| ( <subquery> [with {read only | check option [constraint <constr>]} ] ) | table (<coll_expr>) [(+)] }
where [(] [(] [<alias>.]<col/expr> [(+)] [,<expr>…)] { { = | != | ~= | <> | <= | >= | < | > } [any | some | all] (<expr> [, …] | <subquery>) | like ‘[ _%]<string>‘| [not] in (<expr> [, …] | <subquery>) | [not] between <expr> and <expr> | = [<alias>.]<col> | [not] exists (<subquery>) | is [not] null | is dangling } [{and [not] | or} <expr>] [, …] [)] [[start with <expr>] connect by [prior] <expr>] [group by [{rollup | cube} (] <expr> [, …] [)] [having {<expr> | (<subquery>)}] ] [ {union [all] | intersect | minus} (<subquery>) ] [order by {<col> | <n>} [asc | desc] [, …]] [for update [of <tab>.<col>] [nowait | wait <n>] ];
with <query_name> as (<subquery>) [, …] select … from <query_name> … ;<< subquery factoring
DML
insert into { <tab> [partition (<part>)] | [the] <subquery1> } [(<col> [, …] )] { values (<expr>, …) | <subquery2> } [ref into <item>];
insert { all into <tab>… [, <tab>…]| [all | first] when <expr> then into <tab>… [else into <tab>…] }<subquery>;
update <tab> set <col> = {<val> | ‘<string>’} [, …];
merge into <tab1>using <tab2> on (<join_expr>)when matched then update set…when not matched then insert (<col>…) values (…);
delete [from] <tab> [partition (<part>)] [alias] [where <expr>];
Control
commit [work] [ comment ‘<string>’ | force ‘<id>’ [,<scn>] ];
savepoint <sp>;
rollback [work] [to [savepoint] <sp> | force ‘<id>’];
set transaction { read only | read write | isolation level {serializable | read committed} | use rollback segment <rbs>}[name ‘<tx>’];
alter session {enable | disable} commit in procedure;
alter session {enable | disable | force} parallel {dml | ddl} [parallel <n>];
alter session {enable | disable} resumable [timeout <7200>] [name ‘<str>’];
PL/SQL
declare { -- <comment> | /* <comment> */ } pragma autonomous_transaction; pragma serially_reusable; pragma restrict_references (<name>, rnds, wnds, rnps, wnps, trust);read, write, no, database, package, statepragma exception_init (<exc>, <err_no>);<var> [constant] { <type> | <tab>.<col>%TYPE | <var>%TYPE | <tab>%ROWTYPE } [[not null] { := | default } <n>]; cursor <curs> [(<par> <type> [, …])] is <query> [for update of <col> [, …]]; type <refcurs_type> is ref cursor return <type>; <refcurs> <refcurs_type>; type <rec_type> ist record (<col> [, …] ); <rec> <rec_type>; <exc> exception;
begin [ << <blocklabel> >> ]select … [[bulk collect] into <var> [, …]] from …;insert into {<tab> | table (<subquery>)} [(<col> [, …])] {values (<expr>, …) | <subquery>} [returning <expr> [, …] [bulk collect] into <var> [, …]];update {<tab> | table (<subquery>)} set <col> = <expr> [, …] [where {<expr> | current of <curs>}] [returning <expr> [, …] [bulk collect] into <var> [, …]];delete from {<tab> | table (<subquery>)} [where {<expr> | current of <curs>}] [returning <expr> [, …] [bulk collect] into <var> [, …]];execute immediate <‘dyn_sql_stat‘> [[bulk collect] into {<var> [, …] | <rec>}] [using [in | out | in out] <arg> [, …]] [{returning | return} [bulk collect] into <arg> [, …]];open <refcurs> for <‘dyn_multi_row_query‘> [using <var> [, …] ];open <curs> [ (<par>, …) ];<curs>%{ found | isopen | notfound | rowcount }fetch <curs> [bulk collect] into {<var> [, …] | <rec>} [limit <n>];
close <curs>;if <expr> then <stat>; [elsif <expr> then <stat>;] [else <stat>;] end if;[ << <label> >> ] [ while <expr> | for <i> in [reverse] <a>..<b> | for <rec> in {<curs> [(<par>, …)] | (<query>) } ] loop <stat>; [if <expr> then exit; end if;] [exit [<label>] when <expr>;] end loop [<label>];forall <i> in <a>..<b> [save exceptions] { <stat> [returning <col> bulk collect into <collect>]; | execute immediate <upd | ins | del> … }SQL%{bulk_rowcount(i) | bulk_exceptions(i).error_{index | code} | bulk_exceptions.count }lock table <tab> in {share [row exclusive] | exclusive} mode [nowait];set transaction {read only | read write | isolation level {serializable | read committed} | use rollback segment <rbs>}; commit [work] [comment ‚<str>‘];savepoint <sp>;rollback [work] [to [savepoint] <sp>];null;[ << <label> >> ]goto <label>;{<var> := <func> | <proc>} ([<form_par> => ] <act_par> [, …]);return [ [(] <expr> [)] ];raise <exc>;
SQL, PL/SQL & Java (cont.)
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 33
SQL, PL/SQL & Java (cont.)
exception when {<exc> | others} [or <exc2> …] then <stat>; [sqlcode; sqlerrm(<n>);]raise;>> Predefined Server Exceptions: no_data_found, too_many_rows, invalid_cursor, zero_divide, dup_val_on_index <<
end;
Packages
create [or replace] package <pack> [authid {current_user | definer}] {is | as} {procedure | function} <name> (<par> <type> [, …]) [return <type>]; [type <refcurs> is ref cursor return <type>;]end [<pack>];
create [or replace] package body <pack> {is | as} {procedure | function} <name> [(<par> [ in | out [nocopy] | in out [nocopy] ] <type> [{:= | default} <expr>] [, …] )] [return <type>] [authid {current_user | definer}] { is begin <stat>; end; end [<pack>]; | is external library <lib> [name ‘<func>’] [language <lang>] [calling standard {C | pascal}] [with context] | as [language <lang>] name ‘<func> (<par>, …) return <type>‘ };
drop package [body] <pack>;
alter package <pack> compile [debug] [package | specification | body];
Procedures & Functions
create [or replace] function <func> [(<par> [ in | out [nocopy] | in out [nocopy] ] <type> [{:= | default} <expr>] [, …] )] return <type> [authid {current_user | definer}] [deterministic] [parallel_enable] { is <var> <type>; begin <stat>; end [<func>]; | as external library <lib> [name ‘<func>’] [language <lang>] [calling standard {C | pascal}] parameters ( { <par> [ indicator | length | maxlen | charsetid | charsetform ] [by ref] <type> [, …] return [indicator | …] [by ref] <type> | context } [, …]) [with context] | as [language <lang>] name ‘<func> (<par>, …) return <type>‘ };
drop function <func>;
create [or replace] procedure <proc> [(<par> [ in | out [nocopy] | in out [nocopy] ] <type> [{:= | default} <expr>] [, …] )] [authid {current_user | definer}] { is <var> <type>; begin <stat>; end [<proc>]; | as [language <lang>] name ‘<func>(<par>, …)‘ };
drop procedure <proc>;
alter {function | procedure} <name> compile [debug];
call {<proc> | <func> | <method>}[@<dblink>] (<expr> [, …])[into <:var> [indicator <:ind>]];
Java
create [or replace] [and {resolve | compile} [noforce] java { {source | resource} named “<java>” | class [schema <schema>] } [authid {current_user | definer}] [resolver ( (“<pack/class | * >“ [,] {<schema> | - } ) […] )]{ as <src_text> | using { bfile (<dir>, ‘<file>‘) | {clob | blob | bfile} <subquery> | ‘<key_for_BLOB>‘} };
alter java {source | class} “<java>” [resolver…] { {compile | resolve} | authid {current_user | definer} };
drop java {source | class | resource} “<java>”;
Miscellaneous
create [or replace] library <lib> {is | as} ‘<file>‘;
drop library <lib>;
create [or replace] operator <oper> binding (<type> [, …]) return <type> [ancillary to <prim> (<type> [, …] )] [with index context] [scan context] [compute ancillary data] using <func>;
create [or replace] indextype <itype>for <oper> (<par> [, …]) using <package>;
create [or replace] context <namespace> using <pack|type>;
drop context <namespace>;
create schema authorization <schema> {create table… | create view… | grant…};
explain plan [set statement_id = ‘<string>’] [into <tab>] for <stat>;
create [or replace] outline <outln> [for category <cat>] on <stat>;
alter outline <outln> { rebuild | rename to <new> | change category to <newcat> };
drop outline <outln>;
Boolean Conditions
AND
true
false
null
OR
true
false
null
NOT
true
true
false
null
true
true
true
true
true
false
false
false
false
false
false
true
false
null
false
true
null
null
false
null
null
true
null
null
null
not null
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34 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
exec oracle define <symbol>;
exec oracle {ifdef | ifndef} <symbol>;
exec oracle {else | endif};
exec oracle option (<name> = <value>);
exec sql include {oraca | sqlca};
sqlca.sqlcode, sqlca.sqlerrm.sqlerrmc
exec sql enable threads;
exec sql declare <db> database;
exec sql connect {<:user> identified by <:pw> | <:user_pw>}[ [at <db>] using <:db>] { [in {sysdba | sysoper} mode] | [alter authorization <:new_pw>] };
exec sql whenever {not found | sqlerror | sqlwarning} { continue | goto <label> | stop | do {<routine> | break | continue} };
exec sql declare <tab> table (<col> <type> [not null] [, …]);
exec sql declare <tab> table of <obj_type>;
exec sql declare <type> type as { object ( <col> <type> [, …]) | varray (<size>) of <elem_type> | table of <obj_type> };
exec sql type <typ> is <datatype> [reference];
exec sql call <proc>(<par> [, …] ) [into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] ];
exec sql register connect using <:ext_proc> [{return | returning} <:cont>];
exec sql var <:var> is <type>{ [(<len> | <prec>,<scal>)] [convbufsz [is] (<n>)]| [convbufsz [is] (<n>)] };
exec sql [at <db>] allocate <:curs_var> [[indicator] <:ind>];
exec sql [at <db>] commit [work] [ [comment ‘<str>’] [release] | force ‘<id>’ [,<n>] ];
exec sql [at <db>] savepoint <sp>;
exec sql [at <db>] rollback [work][ to [savepoint] <sp> | force ‘<id>’ | release ];
Static SQL
exec sql [at <db>] select <val> into <:var>… from <tab> where <expr>…;
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] insert into {<tab> | (<subquery1>)} [(<col> [, …] ] {values (<expr> [, …]) | <subquery2>}[{return | returning} <expr> [, …] into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, …]];
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] update <tab> set <col> = <expr>[where {<expr> | current of <curs>}][{return | returning} <expr> [, …] into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, …]];
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] delete [from] {(<subquery>) | <tab>} [alias] [where {<expr> | current of <curs>}] [{return | returning} <expr> [, …] into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, …]];
exec sql [at <db>] execute begin <stat>; [, …] end; end-exec;
exec sql [at <db>] declare <curs> for <static_stat>;
exec sql open <curs> [using <:var>];
exec sql fetch <curs> into <:var> [, …];
exec sql close <curs>;
Oracle dyn. SQL method 1
non-query, no bind vars
exec sql [at <db>] execute immediate {<:str> | ‘<str>‘};
<str> may be PL/SQL block
Oracle dyn. SQL method 2
non-query, known number and types of bind vars
[exec sql [at <db>] declare <stat> statement;]
exec sql prepare <stat> from {<:str> | <str>};
exec sql execute <stat> [using <:var> [, …] ];
Oracle dyn. SQL method 3
query, known number of columns and known number and types of bind vars
[exec sql [at <db>] declare <stat> statement;]
exec sql [at <db>] prepare <stat> from {<:str> | ‚<str>‘};
exec sql declare <curs> cursor for <stat>;
exec sql [for <n>] open <curs> [using <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, …]];
exec sql [for <n>] fetch <curs> into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, …];
exec sql close <curs>;
Oracle dyn. SQL method 4
query, unknown number of columns or unknown number or types of bind vars
[exec sql [at <db>] declare <stat> statement;]
exec sql prepare <stat> from {<:str> | ‚<str>‘};
exec sql [for <n>] execute <stat> [using descriptor <bind_descr>];
exec sql [at <db>] declare <curs> cursor for <stat>;
exec sql describe bind variables for <stat> into <bind_descr>;
exec sql [for <n>] open <curs> [using descriptor <bind_descr>];
exec sql describe [select list for] <stat> into <sel_descr>;
exec sql [for <n>] fetch <curs> using descriptor <sel_descr>;
exec sql close <curs>;
ANSI dyn. SQL method 4
exec sql [for <n>] allocate descriptor [global | local] {<:descr> | ‘<descr>‘} [with max <100>];
exec sql prepare <stat> from {<:str> | ‘<str>‘};
exec sql describe input <stat>using [sql] descriptor [global | local] {<:descr> | ‘<descr>‘};
exec sql [for <n>] set descriptor [global | local] {<:descr> | ‘<descr>‘} { count = <n> | value <item_no> { type | length | [ref] indicator | [ref] data | character_set_name | [ref] returned_length | national_character | host_stride_length | indicator_stride_length | returned_length_stride | user_defined_type_{name | name_ length | schema | schema_length }} = <:var> [, …] };
exec sql [for <n>] execute <stat> [using [sql] descriptor [global | local] {<:descr> | ‘<descr>‘}] [into [sql] descriptor [global | local] {<:descr> | ‘<descr>‘}];
exec sql execute immediate {<:str> | ‘<str>‘};
str> may be PL/SQL block
exec sql [at <db>] declare <curs> cursor for <stat>;
exec sql [for <n>] open <curs> [using [sql] descriptor [global | local] {<:descr> | ‘<descr>‘}] [into [sql] descriptor [global | local] {<:descr> | ‘<descr>‘}];
exec sql describe output <stat> using [sql] descriptor [global | local] {<:descr> | ‘<descr>‘};
exec sql [for <n>] fetch <curs> into [sql] descriptor [global | local] {<:descr> | ‘<descr>‘} };
exec sql [for <n>] get descriptor [global | local] {<:descr> | ‘<descr>‘} { <:var> = countEmbedded SQL
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 35
| value <item_no> <:var> = { type | length | octet_length | returned_octet_length | precision | scale | nullable | name | character_set_name | indicator | data | returned_length | national_character | internal_length | host_stride_length | indicator_stride_length | returned_length_stride | user_defined_type_{version | name | name_length | schema | schema_length} } [, …] };
exec sql close <curs>;
exec sql deallocate descriptor [global | local] {<:descr> | ‘<descr>‘};
Collections
exec sql [at <db>] collection describe <:coll> [ [indicator] <:ind>]get <attrib> [, …] into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, …];
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] collection append <:var> [ [indicator] <:ind>] to <:coll> [[indicator] <:ind>];
exec sql [at <db>] collection trim <:x> from <:coll> [[indicator] <:ind>];
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] collection set <:coll> [[indicator] <:ind>]to <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>];
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] collection get <:coll> [[indicator] <:ind>]into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>];
exec sql [at <db>] collection reset <:coll> [[indicator] <:ind>];
Objects
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object create <:obj> [indicator] <:ind>[table <tab>] [returning ref into <:ret>];
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object release <:obj>;
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object update <:obj>;
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object delete <:obj>;
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object deref <:ref> into <:obj>[[indicator] <:ind>] [for update [nowait]];
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object flush <:obj>;
exec sql [at <db>] object set [ { * | <attrib> [, …] } of ]<:obj> [[indicator] <:ind>] to <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, …];
exec sql [at <db>] object get [ { * | <attrib> [, …] } from ]<:obj> [ [indicator] <:ind>] into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, …];
exec sql [for <n>] [object] free <:point> [[indicator] <:ind>];
exec sql [at <db>] [object] cache free all;
LOBs
exec sql [at <db>] lob append <:src> to <:dst>;
exec sql [at <db>] lob trim <:src> to <:x>;
exec sql [at <db>] lob assign <:src> to <:dst>;
exec sql [at <db>] lob copy <:x> from <:src> [at <:y>] to <:dst> [at <:z>];
exec sql [at <db>] lob erase <:x> from <:src> [at <:y>];
exec sql [at <db>] lob create temporary <:src>;
exec sql [at <db>] lob free temporary <:src>;
exec sql [at <db>] lob describe <:src> get { chunksize | directory | fileexists | filename | isopen | istemporary | length } [, …]into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, …];
exec sql [at <db>] lob enable buffering <:src>;
exec sql [at <db>] lob disable buffering <:src>;
exec sql [at <db>] lob flush buffer <:src> [free];
exec sql [at <db>] lob open <:src> [read only | read write];
exec sql [at <db>] lob close <:src>;
exec sql [at <db>] lob file close all;
exec sql [at <db>] lob file set <:file> directory = <:dir>, filename = <:name>;
exec sql [at <db>] lob load <:x> from file <:file> [at <:y>] into <:dst> [at <:z>];
exec sql [at <db>] lob read <:x> from <:src> [at <:y>] into <:buff> [with length <:z>];
exec sql [at <db>] lob write [append] [first | next | last | one] <:x>from <:buff> [with length <:y>] into <:dst> [at <:z>];
Context
exec sql context allocate <:cont>;
exec sql context use {<:cont> | default};
exec sql context object get <option> [, …] into <:var> [, …];
exec sql context object set <option> [, …] to <:var> [, …];
exec sql context free <:cont>;
Utilities
proc auto_connect={yes | no} char_map={varchar2 | charz | string | charf} close_on_commit={yes | no} code={ansi_c | kr_c | cpp} comp_charset={multi_byte | single_byte} config=<file> cpp_suffix=<ext> dbms={native | v7 | v8} def_sqlcode={yes | no} define=<name> duration={transaction | session} dynamic={oracle | ansi} errors={yes | no} errtype=<file> fips={sql89 | sql2 | yes | no} header=<ext> hold_cursor={yes | no} iname=<ifile> include=<path> intype=(<file, …>) lines={yes | no} lname=<lisfile> ltype={none | short | long} maxliteral=<1024> maxopencursors=<10> mode={ansi | iso | oracle} nls_char=<var> nls_local={yes | no} objects={yes | no} oname=<ofile> oraca={yes | no} pagelen=<80> parse={full | partial | none} prefetch=<1> release_cursor={yes | no} select_error={yes | no} sqlcheck={semantics | full | syntax} sys_include=<path> threads={yes | no} type_code={oracle | ansi} unsafe_null={yes | no} userid=<user>/<pwd>[@<serv>] utf16_charset={nchar_charset | db_charset} varchar={yes | no} version={recent | latest | any}
lnproc
Embedded SQL (cont.)
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36 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
#sql <mod> iterator <iter> [implements <intfc> [, …] ][with ( [sensitivity = {sensitive | asensitive | insensitive}] [holdability = {true | false}] [returnability = {true | false}] [updatecolumns = ‘<col> [, …] [<var> = <val>] [, …] )] (<type> [<col>] [, …]);
named or positional iterator
#sql <mod> context <cont> [implements <intfc> [, …]][with ( … <var>=<val> [, …] )];
#sql [ [<conn_cont_inst>, <exec_cont_inst>] ][<var / iter> =] { <SQL stat> };
>> Curly braces are part of syntax! <<
#sql { select /*+ <HINT> */ <expr> [, …] into <:[out] var> [, …]from <tab> [where <expr> …] };
#sql <iter> = { select <expr> [, …] from <tab> [where <expr>…] };
#sql { fetch <:iter> into <:var> [, …] };
<iter>.next(), <iter>.endFetch(), <iter>.close()
#sql { insert into… };
#sql { update… };
#sql { delete from… };
#sql { commit };
#sql { rollback };
#sql { set transaction <mode> [, isolation level <level>] };
#sql { call <proc> (<par> [, …] ) };
#sql <var / iter> = { values ( <func> (<par> [, …] ) ) };
#sql { set <:var> = <expr> };
#sql <iter> = { cast <:result_set> };
#sql { [declare <var> <type>;] begin <stat>; […] end; };
Utilities
sqlj –d[ir]=<dir> –encoding=<enc> –url=<url> –status –compile=false –user=<user>/<pwd>@jdbc:oracle:thin@<host>:<port>:<sid> –linemap –profile=false –ser2class –P–<opt> –C–<opt> –P–help –C–help –J–<opt> –version –help–alias –help–log –<key>=<value> { <in>.sqlj [<out>.java] … | <in>.ser [<out>.jar] … }
loadjava –d[efiner] –e[ncoding] <latin1> –f[orce] –g[rant] <user / role>, … –h[elp] –noverify –order –r[esolve] –a[ndresolve] –s[ynonym] –oracleresolver –R[esolver] “((<name> <schema>) …)” –o[ci8] –t[hin] –v[erbose] <true> –S[chema] <schema> –u[ser] <user>/<pwd>@<netserv> <classes> <jars> <resources> <properties>
dropjava –encoding <latin1> –h[elp]–s[ynonym] –{o[ci8] | t[hin]} –v[erbose] –S[chema] <schema> –user user>/<pwd>@<netserv> <classes> <jars> <resources> <properties>
publish –republish –h[elp] –version –describe –g[rant] <user / role>, … –role <role> –user <user> –password <pwd> –service <url> –schema <schema> –{ssl | iiop} <name> <class> [<helper>]
remove –r[ecurse] –h[elp] –version –d[escribe] –role <role> –user <user> –password <pwd> –service <url> –{ssl | iiop} <name>
sess_sh –h[elp] –version –d[escribe] –role <role> –user <user> –password <pwd> –service <url> –{ssl | iiop}
deployejb –generated <clientjar> –descriptor <file> –verbose –republish –beanonly –addclasspath
<path> –resolver <res> –h[elp] –keep –version –describe –p[roperties] <file> –user <user> –password <pwd> –role <role> –service <url> –{ssl | iiop}–credsfile <file> –useservicename –temp <dir> <EJBjarfile>
ejbdescriptor –{parse | dump} <infile> <outfile>
java2rmi_iiop –no_bind –no_comments –no_examples –no_tie –wide –root_dir <dir> –verbose –version –W <n>
java2idl
modifyprops –{o[ci8] | t[hin]} –u[ser] <user>/<pwd>@<netserv> {<key> <val> | <key> –delete}SQLJ
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 37
Views & Tables
dba_sa_audit_options, dba_sa_compartments, dba_sa_data_labels, dba_sa_groups, dba_sa_group_hierachy, dba_sa_labels, dba_sa_levels, dba_sa_policies, dba_sa_prog_privs, dba_sa_schema_policies, dba_sa_table_policies, dba_sa_users, dba_sa_user_compartments, dba_sa_user_groups, dba_sa_user_labels, dba_sa_user_levels, dba_sa_user_privs
Packages
SA_SESSIONprivs, {min | max}_level, comp_{read | write}, group_{read | write}, label, row_label,
sa_user_name, {save | restore}_defaults_
labels, set_label, set_row_label, set_access_profile, set_user_privs
SA_SYSDBA{create | drop | enable | diable}_policy
SA_COMPONENTS{create | alter | drop}_level, {create | alter |drop}_compartment, {create | alter | drop}_group, alter_group_parent
SA_LABEL_ADMIN{create | alter | drop}_label
SA_POLICY_ADMIN{apply | remove | enable | disable}_table_policy, {apply | alter | remove | enable | disable}_schema_policy
SA_USER_ADMINset_levels, {set | add | alter | drop}_compartments,
{set | add | alter | drop}_groups, drop_all_{groups | compartments}, set_user_labels, set_{default | row}_label, set_prog_privs
SA_AUDIT_ADMINaudit, noaudit, {audit | noaudit}_label, audit_label_enabled, {create | drop}_view
SA_UTL{numeric | numeric_row | data}_label, set_{label | row_label}Label Security
Performance Gains
• minimal for instance tuning
• large for application tuning
Oracle Performance Improvement Method
1. user feedback: scope and goals?
2. get full set of OS, database, and application
statistics for good and bad performance
3. sanity-check OS (over-used resources or hardware errors?)• CPU: user & kernel mode• disk: response times & queues• memory: paging• network: latency
4. check for top ten performance issues
5. build/refine conceptual model of system• inadequate single-user response time? points to application problems (investigate SQL and application internal statistics)• full CPU utilization? kernel mode (network or memory) user mode (non-database, database: top SQL)• serialization? investigate wait events
6. apply series of remedy actions ordered and stepwise
7. validate impact on statistics and user perception
8. repeat steps 5 to 7 until goals are met or become impossible
Emergency Performance Method
1. user feedback: throughput or response time problem? changes in environment?
2. hardware utilization (CPU, disk, memory, network)
3. constrained CPU or wait events?
4. emergency action to stabilize system
5. get reference data and perform detailed analysis
Top Ten Performance Issues
• connection management
• cursor sharing (bind variables, avoid dynamic SQL)
• I/O design (controller, bandwidth)
• redo log sizes and groups
• data block serialization (free lists, free list groups, block size, transaction slots, rollback segments)
• long full table scans (indexes, statistics)
• disk sorts
• recursive SQL (space management)
• schema errors and optimizer problems
• nonstandard initialization parameters (undocumented features) Performance
Quick Reference Guide
Disclaimer 2
Oracle Architecture 3
Instance 4
Database 8
Database Utilities 9
Tablespaces, Datafiles & Segments 10
Logfiles 11
Tables, Constraints & Triggers 12
Views, Synonyms & Sequences 14
Clusters 14
Index-organized Tables 15
Indexes 15
Undo Management 16
Temporary Segments 16
Users, Privileges, Resources & Policies 17
Auditing 18
Net Services 18
Recovery Manager 20
Distributed DB, Replication, Heterogenous Services, Advanced Queuing & Data Warehousing 22
Real Application Clusters 24
Globalization Support 26
SQL*Plus 27
Data Types (PL/SQL & Database) 28
SQL, PL/SQL & Java 30
Embedded SQL 34
SQLJ 36
Label Security 37
Performance 37
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Copyright © 2000-2004 Dr. Lars Ditzel Database Management
Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
2
Dr. Lars Ditzel Database Management • Ringstraße 23a • 65824 Schwalbach • Germany
Phone/Fax +49 (6196) 889739-0/5 • Mobile +49 (160) 94651446 • info@larsditzel.de
This document is nothing official by Oracle Corporation. Oracle holds all rights on its documentation. Certain terms are registered trademarks.
This quick reference guide is some kind of outgrown cheat-sheet for all of us with limited supply of system memory. It enables quick lookup of syntax for statements which one might need less frequently in daily work. So the major goal of this document is compaction, not clarity. Some syntax options only work under certain circumstances, some options exclude each other. This behaviour is intentionally not reflected to avoid proliferation
of similar statements. Be aware of your actions! The author disclaims liability for errors within this document and subsequent mistakes that might harm your database. In case of uncertainties please refer to Oracle’s excellent original documentation, which can be found online at the Oracle Technology Network (otn.oracle.com) – comprising several hundred megabytes meanwhile – or contact Oracle Customer
Support. In any quick reference guide there is also no room for discussing concepts and techniques. If you do not know where to start just read the Oracle Database Concepts Guide which is very concise. Advanced discussions
can be found elsewhere, my favourite resource being asktom.oracle.com. Oracle Guru Thomas Kyte has also written excellent books on techniques and best practices. Other invaluable repositories are the sites of Jonathan Lewis (www.jlcomp.demon.co.uk) and of Steve Adams (www.ixora.com.au). Not to forget that lots of technical whitepapers can be found at Oracle’s Technet.
This reference uses a modified Backus-Naur Form syntax which is adapted from the Oracle online documentation. Optional parts are enclosed in square brackets [], a list of items is enclosed in curly braces {}, alternatives within brackets or braces are separated by a vertical bar |. Keywords appear in regular style and are not case-sensitive in most OS. Placeholders
for input data are enclosed in brackets <> with corresponding default values underlined. A comma followed by an ellipsis inclosed in square brackets [, …] indicates that the preceding
syntactic element may be repeated. An ellipsis without preceding comma … indicates that the corresponding syntactic elements have been specified beforehand.
Each section commonly starts with dynamic performance views and static data dictionary views (only DBA variants listed) and – occasionally
– tables. Initialization parameters follow as well as database packages and important
files or processes. Then comes a list of performance tuning measures and desupported
or deprecated features. The main part of each section is comprised of SQL statements grouped by functionality. The final section may state utilities if any exist.
Changes from Releases 8i to 9i are colored blue for new features or red for obsolete features. Some features of Server9i Release 2 have been added without another special color highlighting than blue but I did not scan the whole Release 2 documentation yet. And probably
it will not take too long until Server10i shows up…
Outdated syntax has not been removed most of the time as one eventually comes across databases
running older releases of Oracle Server. – One of my customers still uses Server7.
Any suggestions and corrections to improve this guide are welcome.
Disclaimer
Copyright © 2000-2004 Dr. Lars Ditzel Database Management
www.larsditzel.de
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 3
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4 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Background Processes (v$bgprocess)
ARC<n>, CJQ0, J<nnn>, CKPT, DBW<n>, DIAG, DMON, EMN0, LCK<n>*, LGWR, LMD0*, LMON*, LMS<n>*, LNSV, LSP0, MRP0, NSV0, PMON, QMN<n>, RECO, RLAP, RSM0, SMON, RFS<n>BSP<n>*, SNP<n> << obsolete
* RAC processes
Failure of LGWR (Err 470), CKPT (470), DBW<n> (471), ARC<n> (473), SMON (474) or RECO (476) lead to termination of instance by PMON. Failure of PMON leads to termination of instance by DBW<n> (Err 472).
Failed SNP<n> processes are restarted by PMON.
Foreground Processes
D<nnn>, S<nnn>, P<nnn>
Views & Tables
v$fixed_table, v$fixed_view_definition, v$indexed_fixed_column, v$instance, v$sga, v$sgastat, v$pgastat, v$session, v$process, v$bgprocess, v$version, product_component_version, v$license, v$option, v$access, v$timer, v$parameter, v$parameter2, v$spparameter, v$system_parameter, v$system_parameter2, v$obsolete_parameter, v$sql, v$sqlarea, v$sqltext, v$sqltext_with_newlines, v$sql_cursor,
v$sql_bind_data, v$sql_bind_metadata,
v$sql_shared_memory, v$sql_plan, v$sql_workarea, v$sql_workarea_active, v$librarycache, v$rowcache, v$rowcache_parent,
v$rowcache_subordinate, v$open_cursor, v$object_dependency, v$db_object_cache, v$shared_pool_reserved, v$bh, x$bh, v$cache, v$subcache, v$buffer_pool, v$buffer_pool_statistics, v$db_cache_advice, v$statistics_level,
v$filestat, v$tempstat, v$sysstat, v$sesstat, v$mystat, v$statname, v$waitstat, v$latch, v$latchname, v$latchholder, v$latch_parent, v$latch_children, v$event_name, v$system_event, v$session_event, v$session_wait, v$sess_io, v$segment_statistics, v$segstat, v$segstat_name, v$circuit, v$queue, v$shared_server, v$shared_server_monitor, v$dispatcher, v$dispatcher_rate, v$reqdist, v$queue, v$lock, v$enqueue_lock, v$enqueue_stat, v$locked_object, v$global_blocked_locks, dba_locks, dba_lock, dba_lock_internal, v$session_connect_
info, v$session_longops, v$system_cursor_
cache, v$session_cursor_cache, v$session_object_cache, v$bsp, v$px_session, v$px_sesstat, v$px_process, v$px_process_sysstat,
v$pq_sesstat, v$pq_slave, v$pq_sysstat, v$pq_tqstat, v$execution, v$mls_parameters, deptree, session_context
Parameters (init<sid>.ora)
spfile, ifile, instance_name, service_names, db_block_size, sga_max_size, db_cache_size, db_keep_cache_size, db_recycle_cache_size, db_<n>k_cache_size, db_cache_advice, shared_pool_size, log_buffer, large_pool_size, java_pool_size, shared_pool_reserved_size, pre_page_sga, sessions, processes, user_dump_dest, background_dump_dest, max_dump_file_size, local_listener, remote_listener, mts_service, circuits, dispatchers, max_dispatchers,
shared_servers, max_shared_servers, shared_server_sessions, dbwr_io_slaves, remote_os_authent, os_authent_prefix, dml_locks, enqueue_resources, parallel_automatic_
tuning, parallel_min_servers, parallel_
max_servers, parallel_min_percent, parallel_
adaptive_multi_user, parallel_threads_per_cpu, parallel_execution_message_size, parallel_
broadcast_enabled, oracle_trace_enable, oracle_trace_collection_{name | path | size}, oracle_trace_facility_{name | path}, java_soft_sessionspace_limit, java_max_sessionspace_
size, lock_sga, shared_memory_address, hi_shared_memory_address, object_cache_optimal_
size, object_cache_max_size_percent, serial_reuse, session_max_open_files, timed_os_statistics, cursor_sharing, drs_start
Packages
DBMS_SYSTEM set_sql_trace_in_session
DBMS_SUPPORT mysid, {start | stop}_trace, {start | stop}_trace_in_session
DBMS_SESSION set_sql_trace, {set | clear}_identifier,
{set | list | clear}_context, set_role, set_nls, is_role_enabled, is_session_alive, unique_session_id, close_database_link, reset_package, modify_package_state, switch_current_consumer_group, free_unused_
user_memory, set_close_cached_open_cursors
DBMS_SHARED_POOL keep, unkeep, sizes
DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO set_module, set_action, set_client_info, read_module, read_client_info
Files
dbmspool.sql, dbmssupp.sql, catparr.sql, utldtree.sql
Tuning/Contention
Statistics classes:1 User, 2 Redo, 4 Enqueue, 8 Cache, 16 OS, 32 RAC, 64 SQL, 128 Debug
Buffer cache: «Cache Hit Ratio» (v$sysstat) or per pool (v$buffer_pool_statistics)1 – («physical reads» / («db block gets» + «consistent gets»)) < 90–95% -> increase «db_block_buffers» or «buffer_pool_keep», «buffer_pool_recycle»
Shared pool: «Shar. Cursors» (v$librarycache) gethitratio for SQL AREA < 99%
Library cache: sum(reloads) / sum(pins) > 1% (v$librarycache)
Dict. cache: sum(getmisses) / sum(gets) > 15% (v$rowcache) -> increase «shared_pool_size»
LRU latch: «cache buffers lru chain» (v$latch) misses / gets > 1% -> increase «db_block_lru_latches» (max. CPU * 2 or BUFFERS / 50)
Redo buffer: «redo%retries» (v$sysstat)
PGA: «%ga memory%» (v$sysstat), «sorts%» (v$sysstat), sorts (v$sqlarea), «workarea%
» (v$sysstat, v$sesstat), v$pgastat, v$sql_workarea, v$sql_workarea_active, pga_%_mem (v$process)
Deprecated Features
v$mts
db_block_buffers, buffer_pool_keep, buffer_
pool_recycle, mts_circuits, mts_dispatchers,
mts_max_dispatchers, mts_servers, mts_sessions
utlbstat.sql, utlestat.sql
Desupported Features
v$recent_bucket, v$current_bucket, db_block_lru_latches, use_indirect_data_buffers, db_block_lru_extended_statistics, db_block_lru_statistics, lock_sga_areas, shared_pool_reserved_
min_alloc, parallel_server_idle_time, parallel_transaction_resource_timeout, parallel_
min_message_pool, mts_rate_log_size, mts_rate_scale, mts_max_serversInstance
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 5
Parameters
show parameter[s] <string>
alter system set <param> [=] <value>[comment ‘<text>’] [deferred] [scope = {memory | spfile | both} ][sid = { ‘<sid>’ | ‘*’ } ];
alter system reset <param>[scope = {memory | spfile | both} ][sid = { ‘<sid>’ | ‘*’ } ];
Static Initialization Parameters
active_instance_count = <n>, audit_file_dest = <dir>, audit_trail = {none | false | db | true | os}, background_core_dump = {full | partial}, bitmap_merge_area_size = <1m>, blank_trimming
= {true | false}, buffer_pool_{keep | recycle} = {<n> | (buffers: <n>, lru_latches: <n>} << deprecated, circuits = <n>, cluster_database
= {true | false}, cluster_database_instances = <n>, cluster_interconnects = <ip>[:<ip>…], commit_point_strength = <n>, compatible = <x.x.x>, control_files = (“<file>” [, …]), cpu_count = <n>, create_bitmap_area_size = <8m>, cursor_space_for_time = {true | false}, db_block_buffers = <n> << deprecated, db_block_size = <2048>, db_domain = <str>, {db | log}_file_name_convert = (‘prim’, ‘stdby’ [, …]), db_files = <200>, db_name = <str>, db_writer_processes = <1>, dblink_encrypt_
login = {true | false}, dbwr_io_slaves = <0>, disk_asynch_io = {true | false}, distributed_
transactions = <n>, gc_files_to_locks = ‘<f#>[-<f#>]=<n>[!<B>][r][each][: …]’ << disables Cache Fusion, hi_shared_memory_address
= <0>, ifile = <file>, instance_groups = <gr> [, …], instance_name = <sid>, instance_number = <n>, java_max_sessionspace_
size = <0>, java_pool_size = <20k>, java_soft_sessionspace_limit = <0>, large_pool_size = <n>, local_listener = <serv>, lock_name_space = <name>, lock_sga = {true | false}, log_archive_format = <fmt>, log_archive_start = {true | false}, log_buffer = <n>, logmnr_max_persistent_sessions = <1>, max_commit_propagation_delay = <700>, max_dispatchers = <5>, max_enabled_roles = <20>, max_shared_servers = <n>, o7_dictionary_
accessibility = {true | false}, open_cursors = <50>, open_links = <4>, open_links_per_instance
= <4>, optimizer_features_enable = <9.0.0>, oracle_trace_collection_name = <name>, oracle_trace_collection_path = <dir>, oracle_trace_collection_size = <n>, oracle_trace_facility_name = {oracled, oraclee, oraclesm, oraclec}, oracle_trace_facility_path = <dir>, os_authent_prefix = <OPS$>, os_roles = {true, false}, parallel_automatic_tuning = {true | false}, parallel_execution_message_size = <n>, parallel_max_servers = <n>, parallel_
min_servers = <0>, pre_page_sga = {true | false}, processes = <n>, rdbms_server_dn = <x.500>, read_only_open_delayed = {true | false}, recovery_parallelism = <n>, remote_archive_
enable = {true | false}, remote_listener = <serv>, remote_login_passwordfile = {none | shared | exclusive}, remote_os_authent = {true | false}, remote_os_roles = {true | false}, replication_
dependency_tracking = {true | false}, rollback_segments = (<rbs> [, …]), row_locking
= {always | default | intent}, serial_reuse = {disable | select | sml | plsql | all}, session_max_open_files = <10>, sessions = <(1.1*proc)+5>, sga_max_size = <n>, shadow_core_dump = {partial | full}, shared_memory_address = <0>, shared_pool_reserved_size = <5%SP>, shared_server_sessions = <n>, spfile = <file>, sql92_security = {true | false}, sql_trace = {true | false}, tape_asynch_io = {true | false}, thread = <n>, transactions_per_rollback_segment = <5>, undo_management = {manual | auto}, util_file_dir = <dir>
Dynamic Initialization Parameters
aq_tm_processes = <n>, archive_lag_target = <n>, background_dump_dest = ‘<dir>’, backup_
tape_io_slaves = {true | false}, control_file_record_keep_time = <7>, core_dump_dest = ‘<dir>’, db_{2|4|8|16|32}k_cache_size = <0>, db_block_checking = {true | false}, db_block_checksum = {true | false}, db_cache_advice = {on | ready | off}, db_cache_size = <48m>, db_{keep | recycle}_cache_size = <0m>, dispatchers = ‘{ (protocol = <prot>) | (description
= (address =…) ) | (address = (protocol = <prot>) (host = <node>) (port = <port>) )} (connections = <n>) (dispatchers = <1>) (index = <n>) (listener = <list>) ( {pool | multiplex} = {1 | on | yes | true | both | ({in | out} = <n>) | 0 | off | no | false | <n>}) (ticks = <15>) (service = <serv>) (presentation = {ttc | oracle.aurora.server.{SGiopServer | GiopServer}
})’, drs_start = {true | false}, fal_client = <serv>, fal_server = <serv>, fast_start_io_target = <n> << deprecated, fast_start_mttr_target = <0>, fast_start_parallel_rollback = {hi | lo | false}, fixed_date = <date>, global_context_
pool_size = <1m>, hs_autoregister = {true | false}, job_queue_processes = <0>, license_max_sessions = <0>, license_max_users
= <0>, license_sessions_warning = <0>, log_archive_dest = <dir>, log_archive_duplex_
dest = <dir>, log_archive_max_processes = <1>, log_archive_trace = <0>, log_checkpoint_
interval = <bl>, log_checkpoint_timeout
= <sec>, log_checkpoints_to_alert = {true | false}, parallel_adaptive_multi_user = {true | false}, parallel_threads_per_cpu = <n>, pga_aggregate_target = <0>, plsql_native_c_compiler = <path>, plsql_native_library_dir = <dir>, plsql_native_library_subdir_count = <0>, plsql_native_linker = <path>, plsql_native_
make_file_name = <path>, plsql_native_make_utility = <path>, resource_limit = {true | false}, resource_manager_plan = <plan>, service_
names = <serv> [, …], shared_pool_size = <16/64m>, shared_servers = <0/1>, standby_archive_dest = <path>, standby_file_management
= {manual | auto}, trace_enabled = {true | false}, transaction_auditing = {true | false}, undo_retention = <900>, undo_tablespace = <ts>, user_dump_dest = <dir>
Session Scope Dynamic Init. Parameters
alter session set <param> [=] <value>;
cursor_sharing = {similar | exact | force}, db_block_checking, db_create_file_dest = ‘<dir>’, db_create_online_log_dest_<1-5> = ‘<dir>’, db_file_multiblock_read_count = <8>, global_names = {true | false}, hash_area_size = <n>, hash_join_enabled = {true | false}, log_archive_dest_<1-10> = {location = <path> | service = <serv>} [optional | mandatory] [[no]reopen [=<300>]] [arch | lgwr] [synch | async = <n>] [[no]affirm] [[no]delay [= <30>]] [[no]dependency] [[no]alternate [= <dest>]] [[no]max_failure [= <n>] [[no]quota_size [= <n>] [[no]quota_used] [[no]register [= <loc>]], log_archive_dest_state_<1-10> = {enable
| defer | alternate}, log_archive_min_succeed_
dest = <1>, max_dump_file_size = {<n> | unlimited}, nls_calendar = ‘<cal>’, nls_comp = {binary | ansi}, nls_currency = <curr>, nls_date_format = ‘<fmt>’, nls_date_language
= <lang>, nls_dual_currency = <curr>, nls_iso_currency = <terr>, nls_language = <lang>, nls_length_semantics = {byte | char}, nls_nchar_conv_excp = {true | false}, nls_numeric_
characters = <sep>, nls_sort = {binary | <ling>}, nls_territory = <terr>, nls_time_format
= ‘<fmt>’, nls_timestamp_format = ‘<fmt>’, nls_timestamp_tz_format = ‘<fmt>’, nls_time_tz_format = ‘<fmt>’, object_cache_max_size_percent = <10>, object_cache_optimal_
size = <n>, optimizer_index_caching = <0>, optimizer_index_cost_adj = <100>, optimizer_max_permutations = <80000>, optimizer_
mode = {first_rows_{1|10|100|1000} | first_rows | all_rows | choose | rule}, oracle_trace_enable = {true | false}, parallel_broadcast_enabled = {true | false}, parallel_instance_
group = <gr>, parallel_min_percent = <0>, partition_view_enabled = {true | false}, plsql_compiler_flags = {[debug | non_debug], [interpreted | normal]}, plsql_v2_compatibility
= {true | false}, query_rewrite_enabled = {true | false}, query_rewrite_integrity = {stale_tolerated | trusted | enforced}, remote_dependencies_mode = {timestamp | signature}, session_cached_cursors = <0>, sort_area_retained_
size = <n>, sort_area_size = <65536>, star_transformation_enabled = {temp_disable | true | false}, statistics_level = {typical | basic | all}, timed_os_statistics = <0>, timed_statistics = {true | false}, tracefile_identifier = ‘<id>’, undo_suppress_errors = {true | false}, workarea_
size_policy = {auto | manual}
Session Parameters Only
constraint[s] = {immediate | deferred | default}, create_stored_outlines = {true | false | ‘<cat>’} [nooverride], current_schema = <schema>, error_
on_overlap_time = {true | false}, flagger = {entry | immediate | full | off}, instance = <n>, isolation_level = {serializable | read committed},
plsql_debug = {true | false}, skip_unusable_
indexes = {true | false}, sql_trace = {true | false}, time_zone = {‘<{+|-}hh:mi>’ | local | dbtimezone | ‘<tz_region>’}, use_{private |
Instance (cont.)
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6 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
stored}_outlines = {true | false | ‘<cat>’}
Hidden Initialization Parameters
_system_trig_enabled, _log_simultaneous_
copies, _log_io_size
Deprecated Initialization Parameters
mts_dispatchers, mts_servers%_area%_size <<for dedicated server cofigurations
Obsolete Initialization Parameters
job_queue_interval, db_block_max_dirty_target,
hash_multiblock_io_count = <n>
Events
{ alter system set event = | alter session set events [=] } ‘<dbg_evt> trace name context {forever, level <n> | off}’
alter session set events [=] { ‘immediate trace name { heapdump | blockdump | treedump | controlf | systemstate | buffers } level <n>’ | ‘<oerr> trace name errorstack level <n> [; name processstate level <n>]’ }
Debug events10015 (rollback), 10046 (process), 10049, 10051, 10053, 10210, 10211, 10212, 10231, 10232, 10235, 10248 (dispatcher), 10249 (shared server + dispatcher), 10257 (pmon), 10262, 10289 (hex dump), 10297 (oid caching), 10325 (control), 10408 (block keywords), 10520 (avoid invalidations), 10619 (compatibility), 19027 (ctxxpath),
29700 (v$ges_convert% views), 30441
oradebug { help [cmd]| setmypid| setospid <ospid>| setorapid <orapid> [‘force’]| dump <dump> <lev> [addr]| dumpsga [bytes]| dumplist| event <evt>| session_event <evt>| dumpvar {p | s | uga} <var> [lev]| setvar {p | s | uga} <var> <val>| peek <addr> <len> [lev]| poke <addr> <len> <val>| wakeup <orapid>| suspend| resume| flush| close_trace| tracefile_name| lkdebug| nsdbx| -G {<inst> | def | all}| -R {<inst> | def | all}| setinst {“<inst> [, …]” | all}| sgatofile <”path”>| dmpcowsga <”path”>| mapcowsga <”path”>| hanganalyze [level]| ffbegin| ffderegister| ffterminst| ffresumeinst| ffstatus| core| ipc| unlimit| procstat| call <func> [<arg> , …] }
Instance (cont.)
Instance Startup/Shutdownstartup[force] [restrict] [pfile=<par>] [ nomount | [exclusive | parallel [retry] | shared [retry]]{ mount [<db>] | open [read {only | write [recover]} | recover] [<db>] } ]shutdown[ normal | transactional [local] | immediate | abort ]
alter database [<db>]{ mount [ {standby | clone} database] [exclusive | parallel] << obsolete| dismount| open [read only | [read write] [resetlogs | noresetlogs] ]| close [normal | immediate] };
Instance Modification
alter system {enable | disable} restricted session;
alter system {quiesce restricted | unquiesce};
alter system {suspend | resume};
alter system kill session ‘<SID>,<Serial#>’ [immediate];
alter system disconnect session ‘<SID>,<Serial#>’[post_transaction | immediate];
alter system shutdown [immediate] ‘D<nnn>’;
alter system register;
alter system flush shared_pool;
Utilities
orapwd file=<file> password=<pwd> entries=<n>
oradim–{new | edit | delete | startup | shutdown}–{sid <SID> | srvc <serv>} –newsid <SID>–usrpwd <pwd> –intpwd <pwd> –maxusers <n> –startmode {a | m} –shutmode {a | i | n} –{starttype | shuttype} {srvc | inst | srvc, inst}–pfile <par> –timeout <n>
tkprof <trc> <out> [explain=<user>/<pwd>@<netserv>] [table=<tab>] [print=<n>] [sys=no] [insert=<file>] [record=<file>] [aggregate=<n>] [sort=<opt>]
otrcfmt
oemctl { {start | stop | status | ping} oms [<user>/<pwd>] | {start | stop} paging [<host> <name>] | {enable | disable
| dump | export | import} eventhandler [<file>]| {import | export} registry [<file>] <user>/<pwd>@<repalias> | configure rws }
oemapp {console | dataguard}
vppcntl –start
vtm
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 7
Database Locks (v$lock)
modes0 - none, 1 - null (NULL), 2 - row share (SS), 3 - row exclusive (SX), 4 - share (S), 5 - share row exclusive (SSX), 6 - exclusive
(X)
user types and namesTM dml enqueue, TX transaction enqueue, UL user-defined lock
system types and namesBL buffer hash table, CF control file transaction,
CI cross-instance call invocation, CU cursor bind, DF data file, DL direct loader parallel index creation, DM database
mount, DR distributed recovery, DX distributed transaction, FS file set, HW space management operation, IN instance number, IR instance recovery, IS instance state, IV library cache invalidation, JQ job queue, KK redo thread kick, L[A-P] library cache lock, MM mount definition,
MR media recovery, N[A-Z] library cache pin, PF password file, PI/PS parallel operation, PR process startup, Q[A-Z] row cache, RT redo thread, SC system commit number, SM smon, SN sequence number, SQ sequence number enqueue, SS sort segment,
ST space transaction, SV sequence number value, TA generic enqueue, TS temporary segment (ID2=0) or new block allocation (ID2=1), TT temporary table, UN user name, US undo segment ddl, WL being-written redo log, XA instance registration attribute lock, XI instance registration lock
Instance (cont.)
Table Locks (TM)
SQL Statement
Mode Acquired
Additional Mode Allowed?
Row Locks?
RS
RX
S
SRX
X
select
none
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
select … for update
RS
Y*
Y*
Y*
Y*
N
X
lock table … in row share mode
RS
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
insert
RX
Y
Y
N
N
N
X
update
RX
Y*
Y*
N
N
N
X
delete
RX
Y*
Y*
N
N
N
X
lock table … in row exclusive mode
RX
Y
Y
N
N
N
lock table … in share mode
S
Y
N
Y
N
N
lock table … in share row exclusive mode
SRX
Y
N
N
N
N
lock table … in exclusive mode
X
N
N
N
N
N
RS = SS (subshare), RX = SX (subexclusive), SRX = SSX (share-subexclusive)
* waits occur for conflicting row locks of concurrent transactions
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8 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Data Guard CLI
dgmgrl [-silent] [-xml] [-debug] [-echo]
connect <user>/<pwd>@<service>
startup [restrict] [force] [pfile=<file>] [nomount | mount [<db>] | open [read {only | write} ] ]
shutdown {normal | immediate | abort}
show { configuration [verbose] [‘<prop>’] | site [verbose] ‘<site>’ [‘<prop>’] | resource [verbose] ‘<res>’ [‘<prop>’] [on site ‘<site>’] | dependency tree | log [alert] [latest] on site ‘<site>’ };
enable { configuration | site ‘<site>’ | resource ‘<res>’ [on site ‘<site>’] };
disable { configuration | site ‘<site>’ | resource ‘<res>’ [on site ‘<site>’] };
alter { configuration set state = ‘[online | offline]’ | site ‘<site>’ set { state = ‘[online | offline]’| auto pfile = ‘<pfile>’ [off] }| resource ‘<res>’ [on site ‘<site>’] set { state = ‘<state>’ | property ‘<prop>’ = ‘<val>’ };
create { configuration ‘<conf>’ as primary site is ‘<prim>’ | site ‘<site>’ }resource is ‘<res>’ hostname is ‘<host>’ instance name is ‘<inst>’ service name is ‘<serv>’ site is maintained as physical;
remove { configuration ‘<conf>’ | site ‘<site>’ };
Other Utilities
dbassist
dbca
Views & Tables
v$database, v$controlfile, v$controlfile_record_
section, v$deleted_object, v$compatibility, v$compatseg, v$timezone_names, dictionary, dict_columns, dba_catalog, dba_objects, dba_object_size, dba_keepsizes, dba_analyze_objects, props$, database_properties,
database_compatible_level
Parameters
db_create_file_dest, db_create_online_log_dest_<n>, undo_tablespace, cluster_database, control_files, db_name, db_domain, db_files, compatible, read_only_open_delayed
Files
catalog.sql, catproc.sql, utlrp.sql, utlip.sql, utlirp.sql, utlconst.sql, utlincmpt.sql, utldst.sql, timezone.dat, timezlrg.dat, catlg803.sql, u0703040.sql, r0703040.sql, u080<n>0<n>0.sql, r08000<n>0.sql, d080<n>0<n>.sql
Tuning/Contention
phyrds, phywrts (v$filestat)Database
DB Creation
create database [<db>] [datafile ‘<file>’ [, …] size <n> [reuse][autoextend {on | off} [next <1xBS> maxsize {<n> | unlimited}] ]][logfile [group <n>] (‘<log>’ [, …] ) size <n> [reuse] [, [group <n>] (‘<log>’ [, …] ) size <n> [reuse] ] … ][default temporary tablespace <ts> [tempfile ‘<file>’] [extent management local] [uniform [size <1> [k | m]] ]][undo tablespace <SYS_UNDOTBS> [datafile ‘<file>’ [autoextend…] [, …] ]][controlfile reuse] [maxdatafiles <n>] [maxinstances <n>] [maxlogfiles <n>] [maxlogmembers <n>] [maxloghistory <n>] [character set {<charset> | <UTF8> | <UTFE> | <AL32UTF8>} ] [national character set {<UTF8> | <AL16UTF16>} ] [set time_zone = { ‘<{+|-}hh:mi>’ | ‘<time_zone_region>’ } ][set standby database {protected | unprotected} ] [archivelog | noarchivelog] [exclusive];
DB Modification
alter database [<db>] rename global_name to <db>;
alter database [<db>] default temporary tablespace <ts>;
alter system set undo_tablespace = <new_ts>;
alter database [<db>] convert;
alter database [<db>] reset compatibility;
alter database [<db>] [national] character set <new_char>;
alter database [<db>] set {dblow = <str> | dbhigh = <str> | dbmac {on | off} };
create controlfile [‘<ctrl>‘] [reuse] set database <db> [datafile…] [logfile…] … [[no]resetlogs];
create spfile [= ‘<spfile>’] from pfile [= ‘<pfile>’];
create pfile [= ‘<pfile>’] from spfile [= ‘<spfile>’];
alter database [<db>] backup controlfile to { ‘<file>’ [reuse] | trace [resetlogs | noresetlogs] };
alter database [<db>] create standby controlfile as ‘<file>’ [reuse];
alter database [<db>] set standby database {protected | unprotected};
alter database [<db>] commit to switchover to [physical] {primary | standby} [wait | nowait];
alter database [<db>] activate [physical] standby database [skip [standby logfile]];
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 9
Database Utilities
Views & Tables
v$loadcstat, v$loadistat, v$loadpstat, v$loadtstat, dba_exp_files, dba_exp_objects, dba_exp_version, sys.incexp, sys.incfil, sys.incvid
Files
catexp.sql, catexp7.sql, migrate.bsq
Export
exp help = <n> userid = <user>/<pwd> parfile = <par> file = <expdat.dmp> filesize = <n> volsize = <n> log = <log> buffer
= <n> silent = <n> recordlength = <n> direct = <n> rows = <y> indexes = <y> grants = <y> constraints = <y> triggers = <y> feedback = <0> statistics = {estimate | compute | none} record = <y> compress = <y> consistent = <n> object_consistent = <n> flashback_scn = <scn> flashback_time = <time> resumable = <n> resumable_name = <str> resumable_
timeout = <7200> template = <x> tablespaces = (<ts> [, …]) transport_tablespace
= <n> tts_full_check = <x> [, …] point_in_time_recover = <n> recovery_tablespaces = <ts> [, …]{ full = <n> | owner = <schema> | tables = (<tab>[:<part>] [, …] [query = <expr>] ) } inctype = {complete | cumulative | incremental}
<< deprecated
Perform full exports as user System.
buffer size = (n rows) * SUM(max. field length + size of length indicator [2 or 3, system dependent])
Import
imp help = <n> userid = <user>/<pwd> parfile = <par> file = <expdat.dmp> filesize = <n> volsize = <n> log = <log> buffer = <n> recordlength = <n> rows = <y> grants = <y> indexes = <y> indexfile = <file> constraints = <y> commit = <n> compile = <y> ignore = <n> inctype = {system | restore} feedback = <0> show = <n> statistics = {always | none | safe | recalculate} analyze = <y> recalculate_statistics
= <n> destroy = <n> skip_unusable_
indexes = <n> toid_novalidate = (<type> [, …] ) resumable = <n> resumable_
name = <str> resumable_timeout = <7200> streams_configuration = <y> streams_instatiation = <n> { full = <n> | tables = (<tab>[:<part>] [, …])} fromuser = <schema> [, …] touser = <schema> [, …] transport_tablespace = <n> datafiles = ‘(<file> [, …] )‘ tablespaces = (<ts> [, …]) tts_owners = <owner> [, …] point_in_time_recover = <false>
Order: type defs – table defs – table data – indexes – constraints, views, procedures, triggers – bitmap, functional, domain indexes
Loads
sqlldruserid = <user>/<pwd> data = <data> control = <ctrl> parfile = <par> log = <log> bad = <bad> discard = <discard> discardmax = <n> skip = <n> load = <n> errors = <n> rows = <n> bindsize = <65536> readsize = <65536> silent = ( {header | feedback | errors | discards | partitions | all} [, …] ) direct = <n> multithreading = <n> streamsize = <n> columnarrayrows = <n> parallel = <n> file = <file> skip_unusable_indexes = <n> skip_index_maintenance = <n> commit_
discontinued = <n> external_table = {not_used | generate_only | execute} resumable = <n> resumable_name = <str> resumable_timeout = <7200> datecache = <n>
bind array size = (n rows) * ( SUM (fixed field lengths) + SUM(max. varying field lengths) + ( (number of varying length fields) * (size of length indicator [2 or 3, system dependent]) ) )
Controlfile
[ options ([bindsize = <n>] [columnsarrayrows = <n>] [direct = {true | false}] [errors = <n>] [load = <n>] [multithreading = {true | false}] [parallel = {true | false}] [readsize = <n>] [resumable] [resumable_name] [resumable_timeout] [rows = <n>] [silent = ({feedback | errors | discards | all} [, …])] [skip = <n>] [skip_index_maintenance] [skip_unusable_indexes] [streamsize = <n>] ) ]
[recoverable | unrecoverable]
{load | continue_load} data[{infile | inddn} [‘<load.dat>’ | * ] [“str [x]’<char>’”][“recsize <n> buffers <n>”][badfile ‘<load.bad>’ | baddn][{discardfile | discarddn} ‘<load.dsc>’] [{discards | discardmax} <n>][characterset <char>][byteorder {big | little} [endian] ][byteordermark {check | nocheck} ][length [semantics] {byte | char | character} ][concatenate <n>][continueif { [this | next] [preserve] [(] <pos> | last [preserve] [(] } <op> [x]’<str>’ [)] ]into table <tab> [ ({partition | subpartition} <part>) ][skip <n>]{insert | replace | truncate | append}[options (file = <db_file>) ][when ({<col> | <pos>}) <op> { [x]‘<str>’ | blanks } [and…] ][fields { enclosed [by] [[x]’<str>’] [and [x]’<str>’] | terminated [by] {whitespace | [x]’<str>’ | eof} [[optionally] enclosed…] }[trailing [nullcols] ][sorted indexes][singlerow]( { <col> { <sqlfunc> | sysdate | recnum | sequence [( { <n>[.<x>] | max | count } )] } | <col> [filler] [ position ( { <x> [ {: | -} <y>] | * [+<z>] } ) ] { char [(<n>)] | varchar [(<n>)] | varcharc | date [“<fmt>”] | time | timestamp | time with time zone | timestamp with time zone | interval year to month | interval day to second | integer [external] [(<n>)] | smallint | float [external] | double | byteint | zoned [external] (p [,<s>]) | decimal [external] (p [,<s>]) | raw [(<n>)] | varraw | long varraw | varrawc | graphic [(<n>)] | graphic external [(<n>)] | vargraphic [(<n>)] }[terminated by {“<str>” | whitespace} ][ {nullif | defaultif} ({<col> | <pos>}) <op> { [x]‘<str>’ | blanks } [and…] ][enclosed by ‘<chr>’ and ‘<chr>’][“<sql_stmt>(:<col>)”][, <col> …] )[into table <tab> …]
[begindata…]
Migration
migdbname = <db> new_dbname = <new> pfile = <initfile> spool = <logfile> check_only = <false> no_space_check = <false> multiplier = <15> nls_nchar = <char >
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10 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Tablespaces, Datafiles & Segments
Views & Tables
v$tablespace, v$datafile, v$datafile_copy, v$datafile_header, v$dbfile, v$offline_range, v$tempfile, v$temp_extent_map, v$temp_extent_pool, v$temp_space_header, v$temp_ping, v$backup, v$recover_file, v$recovery_file_status, v$recovery_log, v$recovery_progress, v$recovery_status, v$recovery_transactions, v$instance_recovery, v$fast_start_servers, v$fast_start_transactions,
v$managed_standby, dba_tablespaces,
dba_ts_quotas, dba_data_files, dba_temp_files, dba_segments, dba_extents, dba_free_space, dba_free_space_coalesced, dba_free_space_coalesced_tmp[1-3], ts_pitr_objects_to_be_dropped, ts_pitr_check, transport_set_violations, dba_dmt_free_space, dba_dmt_used_extents, dba_lmt_free_space, dba_lmt_used_extents, pluggable_set_check, uni_pluggable_set_check, straddling_ts_objects,
ext_to_obj_view, ts$, file$, filext$, uet$, fet$, seg$
Parameters
db_block_checking, db_block_checksum, recovery_parallelism, fast_start_parallel_rollback,
db_file_name_convert, log_checkpoint_
timeout, log_checkpoints_to_alert, db_writer_processes, db_file_simultaneous_
waits, standby_file_management, read_only_open_delayed
Packages
DBMS_REPAIRcheck_object, {skip | fix}_corrupt_blocks, dump_orphan_keys, rebuild_freelists, admin_tables, segment_fix_status
DBMS_SPACEunused_space, free_blocks, space_usage
DBMS_SPACE_ADMINtablespace_verify, tablespace_{rebuild | relocate | fix}_bitmaps, tablespace_rebuild_quotas, tablespace_fix_segment_states, tablespace_migrate_{from | to}_local, segment_{verify | corrupt | dump | moveblocks}, segment_drop_corrupt, segment_
number_{blocks | extents},
DBMS_TTStransport_set_check, downgrade
Deprecated Features
fast_start_io_target, log_checkpoint_interval
Desupported Features
db_block_max_dirty_target, db_file_simultaneous_
writes, db_block_checkpoint_batch, parallel_transaction_recovery
TS Creation
create tablespace <ts> [datafile ‘<file>’] << only optional if DB_CREATE_FILE_DEST is set[size <n>] [reuse] [autoextend {off | on [next <n>] [maxsize {<n> | unlimited} ] } ] [,’<file>’… [autoextend…] ] [minimum extent <n>] [blocksize <n> [k]][default storage ( [initial <5xBS>] [next <5xBS>] [pctincrease <50>] [minextents <1>] [maxextents {<n> | unlimited} ] [freelists <1>] [freelist groups <1>] [buffer_pool {default | keep | recycle} ] )][logging | nologging] [permanent | temporary] [online | offline] [extent management { dictionary | local [autoallocate | uniform [size <1m>]] }][segment space management {manual | auto} ];
create undo tablespace <ts> [datafile ‘<file>’… [autoextend…] ] << s.a.[extent management local][uniform [size <1m>]];
create temporary tablespace <ts> [tempfile ‘<file>’… [autoextend…] ] << s.a.[extent management local][uniform [size <1m>]];
drop tablespace <ts> [including contents [and datafiles] [cascade constraints] ];
TS Modification
alter tablespace <ts> add {datafile | tempfile} ‘<file>’ size <n> [reuse] [autoextend…];
alter tablespace <ts> rename datafile ‘<file>’ [, …] to ‘<new>’ [, …];
alter tablespace <ts> { online | offline [ normal | temporary | immediate | for recover ] }; << deprecated
alter tablespace <ts> { read {write | only} | permanent | temporary };
alter tablespace <ts> [minimum extent <n>] default storage (…);
alter tablespace <ts> coalesce;
alter tablespace <ts> {begin | end} backup;
alter database [<db>] datafile <n> [, …] end backup;
Datafiles
alter system checkpoint [global | local];
alter system check datafiles [global | local];
alter database [<db>] datafile ‘<file>’ [, …] { resize <n> | autoextend… | online | offline [drop] | end backup };
alter database [<db>] tempfile ‘<file>’ [, …] { resize <n> | autoextend… | online | offline | drop [including datafiles] };
alter database [<db>] rename file ‘<file>’ [, …] to ‘<new_file>’ [, …];
alter database [<db>] create datafile ‘<file>‘ [, …] [as {new | ‘<file>‘ [, …]} ];
alter system dump datafile ‘<file>’block min <x> block max <y>;
Recovery
set autorecovery {on | off}
set logsource <dir>
alter database [<db>] recover [automatic] [from ‘<log_path>‘] { { [standby] database [until { cancel | change <scn> | time ‘<YYYY-MM-DD:HH24:MI:SS>’ }] [using backup controlfile] | managed standby database [ next <n> | timeout <n> | delay <n> | nodelay | expire <n> | cancel [immediate] [nowait] | disconnect [from session] [finish [nowait]] ] | [standby] tablespace ‘<ts>’ [, …] [until [consistent with] controlfile] | [standby] datafile {‘<file>’ | <n>} [, …] [until [consistent with] controlfile] | logfile ‘<log>’ } [test [allow <x> corruption] ] [noparallel | parallel [<n>] ]| continue [default] | cancel };
recover [automatic] [from ‘<log_path>’] { database [until { cancel | change <scn> | time ‘<YYYY-MM-DD:HH24:MI:SS>’ }] [using backup controlfile] | [managed] standby database [timeout <n> | cancel [immediate] ] | [standby] tablespace ‘<ts>’ [, …] [until [consistent with] controlfile] | [standby] datafile {‘<file>’ | <n>} [, …] [until [consistent with] controlfile] | logfile <log> | continue [default] | cancel } [noparallel | parallel (degree {<n> | default} [instances <1> | default] )]
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 11
Tablespaces, Datafiles & Segments (cont.)
Utilities
dbv file=<file> start=<n> end=<n> logfile=<log> blocksize=<2048> feedback=<0> parfile=<fil> segment_id=<ts.fil.blck>
Blocks
v$type_size
Block header: static (61B), table directory, row directory
(2B*rec), interested transaction list (23B*tx)
Row piece: overhead, no. of columns, cluster key ID, rowids of chained row pieces,col data (col length, col value, …)
RowID
Logical: hex string of variable length
Extend(10B): DataObj#{32b} - RelFile#{10b} - Block#{22b} - Row#{16b}
Base64OOOOOO – FFF – BBBBBB – RRR
Restrict(6B): Block#{Xb} - Row#{Xb} - File#{Xb}
Packages
DBMS_ROWID (rowid_create, rowid_object, rowid_relative_
fno, rowid_block_number, rowid_
row_number, rowid_to_absolute_fno, rowid_to_extended, rowid_to_restricted)
Archive Mode
archive log { list | stop | {start | next | all | <n>}}[to <dest>] << always applies to current instance
alter database [<db>] {archivelog | noarchivelog};
alter system archive log [thread <n>] { start [to ‘<log_path>’] | stop | current << global log switch| next | all | sequence <n> | group <n> | change <n> | logfile ‘<file>’ };
alter system switch logfile;
<< applies only to current instance
Logfiles
alter database [<db>] add [standby] logfile [thread <n>] [group <n>] (‘<log>’, …) size <n>;
alter database [<db>] {enable [public] | disable} thread <n>;
alter database [<db>] add [standby] logfile member ‘<log>’ [reuse] to group <n>;
alter database [<db>] register [or replace] [physical] logfile ‘<log>’ [, …];
alter database [<db>] rename file ‘<log>’ [, …] to ‘<new_log>’ [, …];
alter database [<db>] drop [standby] logfile group <n>;
alter database [<db>] drop [standby] logfile member ‘<log>’;
alter database [<db>] clear [unarchived] logfile {group <n> | ‘<log>’} [unrecoverable datafile];
alter database add supplemental log data( {primary key | unique index} [, …] ) columns;
alter database drop supplemental log data;
alter table add supplemental log group <grp>(<col> [, …] ) [always];
alter table drop supplemental log group <grp>;Logfiles
Views & Tables
v$log, v$logfile, v$thread, v$loghist, v$log_history, v$database, v$archive, v$archive_dest, v$archive_dest_status, v$archive_gap, v$standby_log, v$archived_log, v$archive_processes, v$logmnr_dictionary, v$logmnr_parameters,
v$logmnr_logs, v$logmnr_contents, dba_source_tables, dba_source_tab_columns, dba_subscriptions, dba_subscribed_tables, dba_subscribed_columns, change_sources, change_sets, change_tables
Parameters
db_create_online_log_dest_<1-5>, thread, log_buffer, log_archive_max_processes, log_archive_start, log_archive_dest, log_archive_
format, standby_archive_dest, log_archive_
duplex_dest, log_archive_dest_<1-10>, log_archive_dest_state_<1-10>, remote_archive_enable, fal_client, fal_server, log_archive_trace, archive_lag_target, log_archive_min_succeed_dest, log_file_name_convert, arch_io_slaves, utl_file_dir, logmnr_max_persistent_sessions, _log_simultaneous_
copies, _log_io_size
(_allow_resetlogs_corruption << undocumented & unsupported)
Packages
DBMS_LOGMNR_Dbuild
DBMS_LOGMNR add_logfile, start_logmnr, end_logmnr, mine_value, column_present
DBMS_LOGMNR_SESSION {add | remove}_logfile, {create | attach | detach | destroy}_session, column_present, include_src_tbl, mine_value, {prepare | release}_scn_range, set_dict_attr, set_session_
params
DBMS_[LOGMNR_]CDC_PUBLISH {create | alter | drop}_change_table, drop_{subscription | subscriber_view}, purge
DBMS_[LOGMNR_]CDC_SUBSCRIBE get_subcription_handle, subscribe, {activate | drop}_subscription, {extend | purge}_window, {prepare | drop}_ subscriber_
view
Files
dbmslm.sql, dbmslmd.sql, dbmslms.sql, dbmscdcp.sql, dbmscdcs.sql catcdc.sql, initcdc.sql
Tuning/Contention
v$system_event, v$sysstat
Redo latch: «redo allocation», «redo copy» (v$latch) «misses» / «gets» > 1% or «immediate_misses» / («immediate_gets» + «immediate_misses») > 1% -> decrease «log_small_entry_max_size»-> increase «log_simultaneous_copies» (max. CPU * 2)
Desupported Features
v$targetrba, log_archive_buffers, log_archive_buffer_size, log_block_checksum, log_simultaneous_
copies, log_small_entry_max_size, lgwr_io_slaves
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12 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Tables, Constraints & Triggers
Views & Tables
dba_tables, dba_all_tables, dba_object_tables, dba_external_tables, dba_external_locations, dba_tab_comments, dba_tab_columns, col, dba_tab_col_statistics, dba_associations, dba_ustats, dba_col_comments, dba_updatable_
columns, dba_unused_col_tabs, dba_tab_modifications, dba_nested_tables, dba_part_tables, dba_tab_partitions, dba_tab_subpartitions, dba_part_col_statistics,
dba_part_key_columns, dba_partial_
drop_tabs, dba_subpart_col_statistics, dba_subpart_key_columns, dba_constraints, dba_cons_columns, dba_triggers, dba_trigger_
cols, dba_internal_triggers, dba_tab_histograms,
dba_part_histograms, dba_subpart_
histograms, tab$, col$, con$, cdef$, ccol$, trigger$, triggercol$, com$, hist_head$, tabpart$, tabsubpart$
Parameters
_system_trig_enabled
Packages
DBMS_UTILITYanalyze_database, analyze_schema, analyze_part_object
DBMS_STATS{set | get}_{column | index | system | table}_stats, gather_{system | database | schema | table | index}_stats, delete_{system
| database | schema | table | index | column}_stats, {export | import}_ {system
| database | schema | table | index | column}_stats, prepare_column_values, convert_raw_value, generate_stats, {create | drop}_stat_table, alter_{database | schema}_
table_monitoring, flush_{database | schema}_monitoring_info
DBMS_REDEFINITION{can | start | finish | abort}_redef_table, sync_interim_table
Files
utlexcpt.sql, utlexcpt1.sql, dbmsstdx.sql, dbmsutil.sql, utlvalid.sql, utlchain.sql, utlchn1.sql
Tuning/Contention
pctfree = UPD/AVG
pctused = 1 – pctfree – AVG/nBLK
scans: «table scans%» (v$sysstat) -> adjust «db_file_multiblock_read_count»
row migr.: «table_name», «head_rowid» (chained_rows << utlchain.sql, utlchain1.sql) or «table fetch continued row» (v$sysstat)-> increase pctfree-> recreate table
freelists: «segment header» (v$waitstat), «buffer busy waits» (v$system_event) -> alter pctfree/pctused, inittrans or -> increase freelist/freelist groups (v$session_wait -> dba_extents -> dba_segments
-> recreate object)
full & partial partition-wise joins
Desupported Features
dba_histograms, cache_size_threshold
Table Creation
(max. 1000 col)
create [global temporary] table <tab> [of <object_type> [[not] substitutable at all levels] [object identifier is {primary key | system generated} ] [oidindex <ind> ([tablespace <ts>…] [storage (…)]) ] ]( <col> <type> [ {default | := } <value>] [with rowid] [scope is <tab>] [constraint <col_constr>] [ {[not] null | primary key [using index { <ind>… | (create unique index <ind> on <tab> (<col> [,…]) …) } ] | unique [using index { <ind>… | (create unique index <ind> on <tab> (<col> [,…]) …) } ] | check (<expr>) | references <tab> [(<col>)] [on delete {cascade | set null}] } [ [not] deferrable [initially {immediate | deferred}] ] [ {enable | disable} [validate | novalidate] [exceptions into <tab>] ] [,<col>… [constraint <col_constr>]…] [, …] [, constraint <tab_constr>…] [ref (<col>) with rowid] [scope for (<col>) is <tab>] [supplemental log group <grp> (<col> [, …]) [always] ] ) [on commit {delete | preserve} rows][pctfree <10>] [pctused <40>] [initrans <1>] [maxtrans <n>] [storage (…) ] [tablespace <ts>] [logging | nologging][recoverable | unrecoverable] << deprecated[organization { heap | index << see index-organized table below | external ( [type <oracle_loader>] default directory <dir> [access parameters { (<opaque_format>) | using clob <subquery> } ] location ([<dir>:] ‘<loc>’ [, …]) ) [reject limit {<0> | unlimited}] } ] [cluster <clust> (<col> [, …])][column <col> { [element] is of [type] (only <type>) | [not] substitutable at all levels } ][nested table <col> [ [element] is of [type] (only <type>) | [not] substitutable at all levels ] store as <tab> [( (<prop>) [storage (…)] )] [return as {locator | value}] ][varray <varr> [ [element] is of [type] (only <type>) | [not] substitutable at all levels ] store as lob [<lobseg>] [([tablespace <ts>]…)] ] [lob { (<col>) store as <lob_seg> | (<col> [, …]) store as } ( [tablespace <ts>] [storage (…)] [{enable | disable} storage in row] [pctversion <10>] [chunk <n>] [cache | {nocache | cache reads} [logging | nologging] ] [index <ind> << deprecated in 8i and 9i ([tablespace <ts>] [storage (…)]) ] [tablespace <ts>… ] ) ] [XMLType [<col>] store as clob [<lobseg>] [([tablespace <ts>]…)] ][ partition by range (<col> [, …]) [subpartition by hash (<col> [, …]) [subpartitions <n> [store in (<ts> [, …])] ] ( partition [<part>] values less than ( {<val> [, …] | maxvalue} ) [storage (…)] [tablespace <ts>] [ (subpartition <subpart> [tablespace <ts>] [, subpartition…] ) | subpartitions <n> store in (<ts> [, …]) ] [, partition… [(subpartition…)] ] )| partition by list (<col>) (partition [<part>] values ({<val> [, …] | null}) [storage (…)] [tablespace <ts>] [ (subpartition <subpart> [tablespace <ts>] [, subpartition…] ) | subpartitions <n> store in (<ts> [, …]) ] [, partition… [(subpartition…)] ] )| partition by hash (<col> [, …]) { (partition <part> [tablespace <ts>]
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 13
Tables, Constraints & Triggers (cont.)
[, partition…]) | partitions <n> store in (<ts> [, …]) } ] [{disable | enable} row movement] [cache | nocache] [rowdependencies | norowdependencies][monitoring | nomonitoring][parallel [<n>] | noparallel] [{enable | disable} [validate | novalidate] { primary key | unique (<col> [, …]) | constraint <constr> } [using index…] [exceptions into <tab>] [cascade] [{keep | drop} index] ][as <subquery>];
Table Modification
alter table <tab> modify (<col> <type>…);
alter table <tab> add (<col> <type>…);
alter table <tab> set unused {(<col> [, …]) | column <col>} [cascade constraints] [invalidate];
alter table <tab> drop {(<col> [, …]) | column <col>} [cascade constraints] [invalidate] [checkpoint <512>];
alter table <tab> drop {unused columns | columns continue} [checkpoint <512>];
drop table <tab> [cascade constraints];
rename <tab> to <new_tab>;
alter table <tab> move [tablespace <ts>] [storage (…)] [logging | nologging] [parallel [<n>] | noparallel];
truncate table <tab> [[preserve | purge] snapshot log] [{drop | reuse} storage];
alter table <tab> [storage (…)] [noparallel | parallel [<n>] ] …[{nominimize | minimize} records_per_block];
alter table <tab> { allocate extent ( [size <n>] [datafile ‘<file>‘] [instance <n>] ) | deallocate unused [keep <n>] };lock table <tab> in { row share | share update | row exclusive | share | share row exclusive | exclusive } mode [nowait];
alter table <tab> {enable | disable} table lock;
comment on {table <tab> | column <tab>.<col>} is ‘<str>’;
alter table add supplemental log group <grp>(<col> [, …] ) [always];
alter table drop supplemental log group <grp>;
Partitioning
alter table <tab> add partition <range_part> values less than (<value> [, …] ) [tablespace <ts>][{update | invalidate} global indexes][parallel [<n>] | noparallel];
alter table <tab> add partition [<hash_part> [tablespace <ts>]] […];
alter table <tab> drop partition <part> [, …] […];
alter table <tab> coalesce partition […];
alter table <tab> truncate {partition | subpartition} <part> [{drop | reuse} storage] […];
alter table <tab> rename {partition | subpartition} <part> to <new>;
alter table <tab> modify {partition | subpartition} <part>[storage (…) ] [allocate extent…] [logging | nologging] … [[rebuild] unusable local indexes];
alter table <tab> modify partition <part> {add subpartition [<subpart> [tablespace <ts>]] | coalesce [subpartition] } […];
alter table <tab> modify default attributes [for partition <comp_part>] [storage (…)] …;
alter table <tab> modify partition <part> {add | drop} values (<val> [, …]);
alter table <tab> move {partition | subpartition} <part> tablespace <ts> [logging | nologging] […];
alter table <tab> split partition <part1> at (<n>) into (partition <part2>, partition <part3> [, …] ) […];
alter table <tab> merge partitions <part1>, <part2> [into partition <part3>] […];
alter table <tab> exchange {partition | subpartition} <part> with table <tab> [including indexes] [{with | without} validation] […];
Constraints
alter table <tab> add ( [constraint <tab_constr>] { primary key (<col> [, …]) [using index…] | unique (<col> [, …]) [using index…] | foreign key (<col> [, …]) references <tab> [(<col> [, …])] [on delete {cascade | set null} ] | check (<expr>) } [[not] deferrable [initially {immediate | deferred}] ] [{disable | enable} [validate | novalidate] [exceptions into <tab>]] );
alter table <tab> {disable | enable} [validate | novalidate] { constraint <constr> | primary key | unique (<col> [, …]) } [using index…] [exceptions into <tab>] [cascade][{keep | drop} index];
alter table <tab> modify constraint <constr> … [rely | norely];
alter table <tab> drop { constraint <constr> [cascade]| { primary key | unique (<col> [, …]) } [cascade] [{keep | drop} index] };
set constraint[s] {<constr> [, …] | all} {immediate | deferred};
Triggers
alter table <tab> {enable | disable} all triggers;
create [or replace] trigger <trigg> { before | after | instead of } { {delete | insert | update [of <col> [, …]] } [or…] on {<tab> | [nested table <col> of] <view>} | { { {associate | disassociate} statistics | analyze | audit | noaudit | comment | create | alter | rename | drop | grant | revoke | truncate | ddl } [or…] | { shutdown | startup | servererror | logon | logoff | suspend } [or…] } on {schema | database} } [referencing {old [as] <old> | new [as] <new> | parent [as] <parent>} [, …] ] [for each row] [when (<expr>)] { begin <stat>; end; | call … ; }
alter trigger <trigg> {enable | disable | compile [debug]};
drop trigger <trigg>;
Statistics
deprecated (use DBMS_STATS) >>
analyze table <tab> [partition (<n>) | subpartition (<n>)] { compute [system] statistics | estimate [system] statistics [sample <1064> {rows | percent}] } [for table] [for all [local] indexes] [for all [indexed] columns [size <75>] ] [for columns [size <75>] <col> [size <75>] [<col>…] ];
analyze table <tab> delete [system] statistics;
analyze table <tab> list chained rows [into <chained_rows>];
analyze table <tab> validate { structure [cascade] [into <invalid_rows>] {online | offline} | ref update [set dangling to null] };
associate statistics with { columns [<tab>.]<col> [, …] | functions <func> [, …] | packages <pack> [, …] | types <type> [, …] | indexes <ind> [, …] | indextypes <indtype> [, …] } [using <stat_func>] [default cost (<cpu>, <io>, <network>)] [default selectivity <selec>];
disassociate statistics from { columns [<tab>.]<col> [, …] | functions <func> [, …] | packages <pack> [, …] | types <type> [, …]
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14 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Views, Synonyms & Sequences
Views & Tables
dba_views, dba_synonyms, dba_sequences
Views
create [or replace] [force | noforce] view <view> [ ( { <alias> [<col_constr>] | <constr> } [, …] ) | of <type> { with object identifier [default | (<attr>, …)] | under <superview> } ( { <attr> <col_constr> | <constr> } [, …] ) ]as <query> [with { read only | check option [constraint <constr>] } ];
alter view <view> <constr>…;
View constraints are declarative only. Only unique or prim./foreign key with mode disable novalidate.
alter view <view> compile;
rename <view> to <new_view>;
drop view <view>;
Synonyms
create [public] synonym <syn> for <obj>;
rename <syn> to <new_syn>; << only private!
drop [public] synonym <syn>;
Sequences
create sequence <seq> [start with <1>] [increment by <1>] [maxvalue <1027> | nomaxvalue] [minvalue <1> | nominvalue] [cycle | nocycle] [nocache | cache <20>] [order | noorder];
When an instance shuts down, cached sequence values that have not been used in committed DML statements can be lost.
Ordered sequences may not be cached with RAC.
alter sequence <seq> …;
rename <seq> to <new_seq>;
drop sequence <seq>;Clusters
Views & Tables
dba_clusters, dba_clu_columns, all_tab_columns,
dba_cluster_hash_expressions
Creation & Modification
create cluster <clust> (<col> <type> [, …] ) [index | [single table] hashkeys <n> [hash is <expr>] ] [size <1xBS>] [tablespace <ts>] [storage (…)] [pctfree <10>] [pctused <40>] [initrans <n>] [maxtrans <255>];
create index <ind> on cluster <clust> [pctfree <n>][tablespace <ts>] [storage (…)] [initrans <n>] [maxtrans <n>];
create table <tab> (<col> <type>… [constraint <constr>…] ) cluster <clust> (<col> [, …] );
alter cluster <clust>…;
truncate cluster <clust> [ {drop | reuse} storage];
drop cluster <clust> [including tables [cascade constraints]];
analyze cluster <clust> …;
Tables, Constraints & Triggers (cont.)
| indexes <ind> [, …] | indextypes <indtype> [, …] } [force];External Table Opaque Format
record { {fixed | variable} <n> | delimited by {newline | ‘<str>’} }[characterset ‘<char>’] [data is {little | big} endian] [string sizes are in {bytes | characters} ] [load when <expr>] [{badfile [<dir>:] ‘<file>’ | nobadfile] [discardfile [<dir>:] ‘<file>’ | nodiscardfile] [logfile [<dir>:] ‘<file>’ | nologfile] [skip <n>][fields [ enclosed by ‘<str>’ [and ‘<str>’] | terminated by { whitespace | ‘<str>’} [[optionally] enclosed by…] ] [ltrim | rtrim | lrtrim | ldtrim | notrim] [missing field values are null] [(<field> [ [position] ({ * | <start> | [+|-] <incr>} [:|-] {<end> | <len> }) ] [ [unsigned] integer [external] <n> | {decimal | zoned} [external] (<p> [, <s>]) | oracle date | oracle number [counted] | {double | float} [external] | raw <n> | char <n> [enclosed…] [ltrim…] [dateformat { { date | {time | timestamp} [with timezone] } mask “<fmt>” | interval { year_to_month | day_to_second } } ] | { varchar | varraw | varcharc | varrawc } ([<n>,] <max>) ] [{defaultif | nullif} <expr>] [, <field> …] ) ]
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 15
Index-organized Tables
Views & Tables
all_tables (iot_type, iot_name), all_indexes
Creation & Modification
create table <iot> (<col>… primary key…) organization index [tablespace <ts>] [storage (…)] [pctfree <n>] [initrans <n>] [maxtrans <n>] [mapping table | nomapping] [pctthreshold <50> [including <col>]] [compress [<n>] | nocompress] [overflow [tablespace <ts>] [pctfree <10>] [initrans <1>] [maxtrans <255>] [storage (…)] [allocate…] [deallocate…] [logging | nologging] ][partition by range (<col> [, …]) (partition <partX> values less than (<value> [, …]) [storage (…)] [tablespace <ts>] [overflow tablespace <ts>…] [, partition…]
)];
alter table <iot> … [overflow…];
alter table <iot> add overflow … [(partition <part>…) ];
alter table <iot> move [online] [compress [<n>] | nocompress] [tablespace <ts>] [overflow…] … [noparallel | parallel [<n>] ];
alter table <iot> modify default attributes [for partition <part>] [storage (…)] [pctthreshold <50> [including <col>]] [compress [<n>] | nocompress] [overflow tablespace <ts>…];
alter table <iot> coalesce;
analyze table <iot> compute statistics;
Index Creation
create [unique | bitmap] index <ind> on <tab> { ([<expr>] <col> [asc | desc] [, …]) | ([<tab>] <col> [asc | desc] [, [<tab>]…]) from <tab> [, <tab>…] where <expr> }[tablespace {<ts> | default }] [storage (…)] [pctfree <10>] [initrans <n>] [maxtrans <255>] [logging | nologging] [nosort] [reverse] [online] [noparallel | parallel [<n>] ] [compress [<n>] | nocompress] [local [(partition [<partX>] [storage (…)] [tablespace <ts>] [logging | nologging] [, partition…] ) | [store in ({<ts> [, …] | default}) | (partition [<partX>] [tablespace <ts>] [, partition…] )] | store in ({<ts> [, …] | default}) [(partition [<partX>] [storage (…)] [tablespace <ts>] [logging | nologging] [store in ({<ts> [, …] | default}) | ( subpartition [<subpartX>] [tablespace <ts>] [, subpartition…] )] [, partition…] )] ]] [global partition by range (<col>) (partition <partX> values less than ({<value> [, …] | maxvalue}) [storage (…)] [tablespace <ts>] [logging | nologging] [, partition…] )] [indextype is <type> [parameters (‘<str>‘)] ];
drop index <ind>;
alter index <ind> {enable | disable};
alter index <ind> unusable;
alter index <ind> rename to <new>;
Index Partitioning
alter index <ind> drop partition <part> [, …];
alter index <ind> rename {partition | subpartition} <part> to <new>;
alter index <ind> modify {partition | subpartition} <part> [storage (…)] … [logging | nologging] [unusable] [rebuild unusable local indexes];
alter index <ind> modify default attributes [for partition <part>] [storage (…)] [pctfree <n>] …;
alter index <ind> rebuild {partition | subpartition} <part> [tablespace <ts>] [parallel [<n>]];
alter index <ind> split partition <p1> at values less than (<n>) into (partition <p2>, partition <p3> [, …]);
Index Modification
alter index <ind> [storage (…)] [initrans <n>] [maxtrans <n>] [compress [<n>] | nocompress];
alter index <ind> { allocate extent ( [size <n>] [datafile ‘<file>‘] [instance <n>] ) | deallocate unused [keep <n>] };
alter index <ind> rebuild [{partition | subpartition} <part>] [tablespace <ts>] [storage (…)] [pctfree <10>] [initrans <n>] [maxtrans <255>] [logging | nologging] [parallel [<n>] | noparallel][compress <n> | nocompress] [compute statistics] [online][reverse | noreverse] [parameters (‘<par>‘) ];
alter index <ind> coalesce;
Statistics
analyze index <ind>…;
analyze index <ind> validate structure {online | offline};
alter index <ind>{monitoring | nomonitoring} usage;
on range partitioned
table
on hash partitioned
table
on composite partitioned tableIndexes
Views & Tables
v$object_usage, dba_indexes, dba_indextypes, dba_indextype_operators, dba_ind_columns, dba_ind_expressions, index_stats, dba_part_indexes, dba_ind_partitions, dba_ind_subpartitions,
dba_part_col_statistics, dba_subpart_
col_statistics, index_histogram, ind$, icol$, icoldep$
Parameters
create_bitmap_area_size, bitmap_merge_area_size
Packages & Files
DBMS_PCLXUTILbuild_part_index
Tuning/Contention
index_stats:«del_lf_rows_len» / «lf_rows_len» > 20%
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16 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Undo Management
Views & Tables
v$undostat, v$rollname, v$rollstat, v$transaction, v$transaction_enqueue, v$global_transaction, dba_undo_extents, dba_rollback_segs, dba_pending_transactions
Parameters
undo_management, undo_tablespace, undo_retention
Deprecated Features
rollback_segments, transactions, transactions_
per_rollback_segment
(_corrupted_rollback_segments << undocumented & unsupported)
Packages
DBMS_TRANSACTIONuse_rollback_segment
Tuning/Contention
RBS Header: «undo segment tx slot» (v$system_event) > 0 or (v$rollstat) sum(«waits») / sum(«gets») > 5% -> add RBS
RBS Segment: «%undo%» (v$waitstat) / «consistent gets» (v$sysstat) (count/value) > 1% -> add RBS
RBS Creation
create [public] rollback segment <rbs>[tablespace <ts>] [storage ([initial <5xBS>] [next <5xBS>] [optimal <null>] [minextents <1>] [maxextents {<n> | unlimited}] )];
drop rollback segment <rbs>;
RBS Modification
alter rollback segment <rbs> {online | offline};
alter rollback segment <rbs> storage (…);
alter rollback segment <rbs> shrink [to <n>];
set transaction use rollback segment <rbs>;
Undo Management
create undo tablespace <ts>…;
alter system set undo_tablespace = <ts>;Temporary Segments
Views & Tables
v$tempseg_usage, v$sort_segment, v$sort_usage,
dba_segments
Parameters
sort_area_size, sort_area_retained_size
Desupported Features
sort_multiblock_read_count, sort_direct_writes, sort_write_buffers, sort_write_buffer_
size
Tuning/Contention
Sorts:«sorts (disk)», «sorts (memory)», «sorts (rows)» (v$sysstat) disk.value / mem.value > 5% -> increase «sort_area_size» (+ decrease «sort_area_retained_size»)
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 17
Users, Privileges, Resources & Policies
Views & Tables
v$enabledprivs, v$resource, v$resource_limit, v$pwfile_users, v$context, v$rsrc_plan, v$rsrc_plan_cpu_mth, v$rsrc_consumer_group, v$rsrc_consumer_group_cpu_mth, v$parallel_degree_limit_mth, v$max_active_
sess_target_mth, v$vpd_policy, dba_users, dba_roles, dba_profiles, dba_ustats,
dba_ts_quotas, dba_sys_privs, dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs, dba_role_privs, role_sys_privs, role_tab_privs, role_role_privs, user_tab_privs_made, user_tab_privs_recd, user_col_privs_made, user_col_privs_recd, user_password_limits, user_resource_limits, session_privs, session_roles, dba_context, dba_policies, proxy_users, resource_cost, dba_rsrc_plans, dba_rsrc_plan_directives, dba_rsrc_consumer_groups, dba_rsrc_consumer_
group_privs, dba_rsrc_manager_system_
privs, user$, user_history$, sysauth$, objauth$
Parameters
o7_dictionary_accessibility, remote_os_authent,
os_roles, remote_os_roles, max_enabled_
roles, resource_limit, resource_manager_
plan, ent_domain_name
Environment
$ORA_ENCRYPT_LOGIN
Packages
DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGERset_initial_consumer_group, {create | submit
| clear | validate}_pending_area, {create | update | delete}_{plan | plan_directive | consumer_group}, delete_plan_cascade, switch_consumer_group_for_{sess | user}
DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER_PRIVS{grant | revoke}_system_privilege, {grant | revoke}_switch_consumer_group
DBMS_SESSIONswitch_current_consumer_group
DBMS_RLS{add | drop | enable | refresh}_policy, {add | drop | enable | disable | refresh}_grouped_policy, {add | drop}_policy_context, {create | delete}_policy_group
Users
create user <user> identified { by <pwd> | by values ‘<crypt_pw>‘ | externally | globally as ‘<user>’ } [default tablespace <ts>] [temporary tablespace <ts>] [quota {<n> | unlimited} on <ts>] [quota…] [password expire] [account {lock | unlock}] [profile {<prof> | default}];
alter user <user>…;
drop user <user> [cascade];
Roles
create role <role> [ not identified | identified { by <pwd> | using <package> | externally | globally } ];
alter role <role>…;
drop role <role>;
alter user <user> default role { <role> [, …] | all [except <role> [, …]] | none};
set role { <role> [identified by <pwd>] [, <role> [identified by <pwd>] …] | all [except <role> [, …] ] | none };
Privileges
grant {<priv> [, …] | <role> [, …] | all [privileges]} to {<user> [, …] | <role> [, …] | public}[identified by <pwd>] [with admin option];
revoke {<priv> | <role>} from {<user> | <role> | public};
grant {<priv> [(<col> [, …])] [, …] | all } on <object> to { <user> [, …] | <role> [, …] | public } [with grant option] [with hierachy option];
revoke {<priv> [(<col> [, …])] | all [privileges]} on [directory] <object> from { <user> | <role> | public } [cascade constraints];
Profiles
create profile <prof> limit [ { sessions_per_user | cpu_per_session | cpu_per_call | connect_time | idle_time | logical_reads_per_session | logical_reads_per_call | composite_limit | private_sga | failed_login_attempts | password_lock_time | password_life_time | password_grace_time | password_reuse_time | password_reuse_max } {<n> | unlimited | default} [, …] ] [password_verify_function {<func> | null | default} ];
alter profile <prof> limit…;
drop profile <prof> [cascade];
alter resource cost [connect_time <n>] [cpu_per_session <n>] [logical_reads_per_session <n>] [private_sga <n>];
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18 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Auditing
Views & Tables
all_def_audit_opts, dba_stmt_audit_opts, stmt_audit_option_map, dba_priv_audit_
opts, dba_obj_audit_opts, user_tab_audit_
opts, dba_audit_trail, dba_audit_session, dba_audit_statement, dba_audit_object, dba_audit_exists, dba_audit_policies, dba_fga_audit_trail, audit_actions, sys.aud$, sys.fga_log$
Packages
DBMS_FGA{add | drop | enable | disable}_policy
Parameters
audit_trail, transaction_auditing
Files
cataudit.sql, catnoaud.sql
SQL
[no]audit {<stat> [, …] | <priv> [, …] } [by <user> [, …]] [by {session | access}] [whenever [not] successful];
[no]audit <stat> [, …] on {<object> | default} [by {session | access} ] [whenever [not] successful];
shortcuts: user, table, procedure, resource, connect, dba, …Net Services
Stack
Application, Server – OCI (UPI), OPI, NPI – TTC – TNS (NI,NR,NN,NS,NA) – OPA (NT) [–Protocol]
Service Name Resolution
local naming, host naming, external naming, centralized naming
Utilities
lsnrctl{ start | stop | status | reload | set | show | help | version | change_password | services | save_config | trace | dbsnmp_start | dbsnmp_stop | dbsnmp_status } [<LISTENER>]
agentctl { { start | stop | status | restart } [<agent>] | { start | stop | status} blackout [<target>] [-d[uration] <[d] hh:mi>] [-s[ubsystem] <subsys>] }
namesctl { startup | shutdown | start | stop | reload | restart | status | ping <ns> | reorder_ns | start_client_cache | delegate_domain | domain_hint | flush | flush_name | load_tnsnames | dump_tnsnames| dump_ldap | log_stats | reset_stats | help | password | register | unregister | query | timed_query | repeat | set | show | version }
cmctl { start | stop | status | version } [cman | cm | adm]
trcasst [-o{c|d}{u[q]|t} -e[0|1|2] -s -p …] <file>
netasst, tnsping, trcroute, adapters
oerr <tns> <errno>
ldapmodify
listener.ora
<LISTENER> = (description_list = (description = (address_
list = (address = (protocol = <tcp>) (host = <node>) (port = <1521>) (key = <prog>))) (protocol_stack = (presentation = {ttc | giop}) (session = {ns | raw}))))
sid_list_<LISTENER> = (sid_list = (sid_desc = (global_dbname = <n>) << disables TAF with RAC (oracle_home = <path>) (sid_name = <SID>) (sdu = <n>) (program = <prog>) (prespawn_max = <n>) (prespawn_list = (prespawn_desc = (protocol = <n>) (pool_size = <n>) (timeout = <n>))))),
>> Since release 8.1 sid_list_<LISTENER> only required with Enterprise Manager! <<
service_list_<LISTENER> = <n>
passwords_<LISTENER> = <n>
connect_timeout_<LISTENER> = <n>
use_plug_and_play_<LISTENER> = <n>
save_config_on_stop_<LISTENER> = <n>
trace_{level | file | directory}_<LISTENER>=<n>
logging_<LISTENER> = <n>
log_{file | directory}_<LISTENER> = <n>
startup_wait_time_<LISTENER> = <n>
queuesize = <n>
ssl_client_authentication = <n>
ssl_version = undetermined
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 19
Net Services (cont.)
tnsnames.ora (Local Naming)
<net_serv> = (description = (address_list = (failover = {on | off}) (load_balance = {on | off}) (source_route = {on | off}) (address = (protocol = <n>) (port = <n>) (host = <node>)) […]) (connect_data = (service_name = <serv>) (instance_name = <sid>) (handler_name = <n>) (sdu = <n>) (server = dedicated) (hs = ok) (rdb_database = <rdbfile>) (type_of_service = <n>) (global_name = <rdb>) (failover_mode = (type = {select | session | none}) (method = {basic | preconnect}) (retries = <5>) (delay = <1>) (backup = <serv>) (instance_role = {primary | secondary | any}) ))
desupported: (connect_data = (sid = <n>))
>> Exception! Use of OEM and OPS on WinNT. Create net service names ‘<SID>_startup’. <<
sqlnet.ora
log_{file | directory}_{client | server} = <n>, use_cman = <n>, use_dedicated_server = <n>, sqlnet.expire_time = <n>, sqlnet.{encryption | crypto_checksum}_{client | server} = {accepted | rejected | requested | required}, sqlnet.{encryption | crypto_checksum}_types_{client | server} = <n>, sqlnet.crypto_seed = <n>, trace_unique_client = <n>, trace_{level | file | directory | timestamp}_{client | server} = <n>, tnsping.trace_{level | directory} = <n>, daemon.trace_{level | directory | mask} = <n>, sqlnet.authentication_services = <n>, sqlnet.client_registration = <n>, bequeath_
detach = <n>, disable_oob = <n>, names.directory_path = ( {hostname | tnsnames | onames | cds | nds | nis} , … ), names.default_domain = <n>, name.default_zone = <n>, names.preferred_servers = <n>, names.initial_retry_timeout = <n>, names.request_retries = <n>, names.max_open_connections = <n>, names.message_pool_start_size = <n>, names.dce.prefix = <n>, names.nis.meta_map = <n>, namesctl.internal_encrypt_password = <n>, namesctl.internal_use = <n>, namesctl.no_initial_
server = <n>, namesctl.noconfirm = <n>, namesctl.server_password = <n>, namesctl.trace_{level | file | directory | unique} = <n>
desupported: automatic_ipc
names.ora << deprecated
names.server_name = <n>, names.addresses = <n>, names.region_checkpoint_file = <n>, default_domain = <n>, forwarding_available = <n>, log_file_name = <n>, log_stats_interval = <n>, reset_stats_interval = <n>, cache_checkpoint_
interval = <n>, requests_enabled = <n>, server = <n>, namesctl_trace_level = <n>, trace_file_name = <n>, trace_level = <n>, names.trace_{file | directory | unique} = <n>, names.log_{file | directory} = <n>, queuesize = <n>
desupported:names.use_plug_and_play, names.{domain | topology}_
checkpoint_file
protocol.ora << desupported
<prot>.{excluded | invited}_nodes = <node>, <prot>.validnode_checking = <n>, tcp.nodelay = <n>
cman.ora
cman = (address = (protocol = <tcp>) (host = <node>) (port = <1630>))
cman_admin = (address = (protocol = <tcp>) (host = <node>) (port = <1830>))
cman_profile = (maximum_relays = <n>, relay_statistics = <n>, log_level = <n>, tracing = <n>, trace_directory = <path>, show_tns_info = <n>, use_async_call = <n>, authentication_
level = <n>)
cman_rules =(rule_list = (rule = (src = <src>) (dst = <dst>) (srv = <serv>) (act = accept | reject)))
ldap.ora
Other Files
ckpcch.ora, sdns.ora, namesini.sql, namesupg.sql, snmp_ro.ora, snmp_rw.ora, services.ora
Environment
$TNS_ADMIN
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20 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Recovery Manager
Views & Tables
rc_database, rc_database_incarnation, rc_backup_set, rc_backup_piece, rc_checkpoint, rc_tablespace, rc_datafile, rc_backup_datafile, rc_datafile_copy, rc_proxy_datafile, rc_offline_
range, rc_backup_controlfile, rc_controlfile_
copy, rc_proxy_controlfile, rc_redo_log, rc_redo_thread, rc_backup_redolog, rc_archived_
log , rc_log_history, rc_stored_script, rc_stored_script_line, rc_backup_corruption,
rc_copy_corruption, rc_resync, v$backup, v$backup_set, v$backup_piece, v$backup_datafile, v$datafile_copy, v$proxy_datafile, v$offline_range, v$backup_redolog, v$proxy_archivedlog, v$backup_device, v$backup_corruption, v$copy_corruption, v$backup_async_io, v$backup_sync_io, v$session_longops, v$session_wait
Parameters
backup_tape_io_slaves, disk_asynch_io, tape_asynch_io, control_file_record_keep_time
Packages
DBMS_BACKUP_RESTORE
DBMS_RCVCAT
DBMS_RCVMAN
Files
catrman.sql, prgrmanc.sql, dbmssbkrs.sql, prvtbkrs.plb, dbmsrman.sql, prvtrmns.plb
Desupported Features
db_file_direct_io_count, arch_io_slaves, backup_disk_io_slaves, large_pool_min_alloc
Environment
rman [target ‘<user>/<pwd>@<target_db>’] [ catalog ‘<user>/<pwd>@<repos_db>’ | nocatalog ] [auxiliary ‘<user>/<pwd>@<aux_db>’] [{cmdfile [=] | @} <file>] [log [=] <file> [append]] [msgno] [trace [=] ‘<file>’] [debug] [send [=] ‘<cmd>’]
set dbid [=] <target_dbid>;
connect {target | catalog | auxiliary} <user>/<pwd>@<db>
startup [nomount | mount] [force] [dba] [pfile [=] <file>];
shutdown [normal | transactional | immediate | abort];
{mount | open} database;
alter database {mount | open};
host [‘<cmd>’];
debug {on | off};
set echo {on | off};
set command id to ‘<id>’;
configure{ snapshot controlfile name to ‘<file>‘| controlfile autobackup { on | off | clear | format for device type <dev> {to ‘<fmt>’ | clear} }| {archivelog | datafile} backup copies for device type <dev> {to <x> | clear}| default device type to <dev>| device type <dev> parallelism <n>| channel <n> device type <dev> connect ‘<user/pwd@serv>’| retention policy to { recovery window of <x> days | redundancy <1> | none | clear } | backup optimization {on | off | clear}| exclude tablespace <ts> [clear] | maxsetsize {to {<x>| unlimited} | clear} };
show{ retention policy | [default] device type| [auxiliary] channel [for device type <dev>]| maxset size| {datafile | archivlog} backup copies| backup optimization| snapshot controlfile name| auxname| exclude| controlfile autobackup [format]| all };
set snapshot controlfile name to ‘<file>‘;
send [channel <chann> [, …] | device type <dev> [, …]]‘<media_man_cmd>‘ [parms [=] ‘<par>‘];
{create | replace} script <script> {<stat>;…}
delete script <script>;
print script <script>;
run {<cmd>; …}
run {execute script <script>;}
sql ‘<stat> [‘ ‘ <file> ‘ ‘] ‘;
Catalog
create catalog [tablespace <ts>];
upgrade catalog [tablespace ‘<ts>’];
configure compatible = <n>;
drop catalog;
register database;
reset database [to incarnation <id>];
resync catalog [from controlfilecopy [‘<ctrl>’]];
catalog {archivelog | datafilecopy | controlfilecopy} ‘<file>‘ [, …] [tag [=] ‘<tag>‘ | level [=] <n>];
change {archivelog | datafilecopy | backuppiece
| backupset | proxy | controlfilecopy} {‘<file>‘ | <n> | all | tag [=] ‘<tag>‘} { delete | available | unavailable | uncatalog | validate | crosscheck };
crosscheck {backup | copy} [of { {datafile | tablespace | database [skip tablespace] } ‘<name>‘ | controlfile | archivelog { all | like ‘<name>‘ | {from | until} { time [=] ‘<date>‘ | scn [=] <n> | logseq [=] <n> [thread = <n>]} }] [ tag = ‘<tag>‘ | completed { {after | before} [=] ‘<date>‘ | between ‘<date>‘ and ‘<date>‘ } ];
delete [noprompt] { [expired] { {backup | copy} [of { { datafile | tablespace | database [skip tablespace] } ‘<name>‘ | controlfile | archivelog { all | like ‘<name>‘ | {from | until} { time [=] ‘<date>‘ | scn [=] <n> | sequence [=] <n> [thread = <n>]} }] [ tag = ‘<tag>‘ | completed { {after | before} [=] ‘<date>‘ | between ‘<date>‘ and ‘<date>‘ } ] | { {backuppiece | proxy} … | backupset … | {controlfilecopy | datafilecopy} … | archivelog … }| obsolete [ redundancy [=] <x> | recovery window of <x> days | orphan ] };
set maxcorrupt for datafile {‘<file>‘ | <n>} to <n>;
Channels
allocate [auxiliary] channel <chann> [for {delete | maintenance}] { type [=] {disk | ‘<dev>‘} | name [=] ‘<name>‘ } [parms [=] “<par>”] [format [=] ‘<fm>‘] [connect [=] ‘<user>/<pwd>@<target_ops_inst>’]
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 21
Recovery Manager (cont.)
[debug [=] <n>] [trace [=] <n>];
set limit channel <chann> [read rate [=] <n>] [kbytes [=] <n>] [maxopenfiles [=] <n>];
release channel [<chann>];
Reporting
report { { need backup { {incremental | days} | redundancy } [=] <n> | unrecoverable } { datafile {‘<file>‘ | <n>} [, …] | tablespace ‘<ts>‘ [, …] | database [skip tablespace ‘<ts>‘ [, …]] } | obsolete { redundancy [=] <n> | recovery window of <x> days | orphan | until { time [=] ‘<date>’ | scn [=] <n> | logseq [=] <n> [thread [=] <n>] }} | schema [at { time [=] ‘<date>‘ | scn [=] <n> | logseq [=] <n> [thread [=] <n>] }] } [device type {disk | ‘<dev>‘} ];
list [expired] {copy | backup} of { datafile {‘<file>‘ | <n>} [, …] | tablespace ‘<ts>‘ [, …] | database [skip tablespace ‘<ts>‘ [, …]] | controlfile | archivelog { all | like ‘<file>‘ | {from | until} { time [=] ‘<date>‘ | scn [=] <n> | logseq [=] <n> [thread = <n>]} }} [tag [=] <tag>] [like ‘<string>‘] [device type ‘<dev>‘] [recoverable [until { time [=] ‘<date>‘ | scn [=] <n> | logseq [=] <n> [thread [=] <n>]} ]] [completed { {after | before} [=] ‘<date>‘ | between ‘<date>‘ and ‘<date>‘}][by backup [verbose] ][by {backup summary | file} ][summary];
list incarnation [of database [‘<id>‘]];
Backup
copy{ datafile {‘<file>‘ | <n>} | datafilecopy {‘<file>‘ | tag [=] <tag>} | archivelog ‘<log>‘ | controlfilecopy {‘<ctrl>‘ | tag [=] <tag>} | current controlfile } to ‘<dest>‘ [, …] [tag [=] ‘<tag>‘] [level [=] <n>] [nochecksum] [check logical];
set duplex = { off | on | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 };
backup [ full | incremental level [=] { 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 } ][cumulative] [nochecksum] [check logical] [proxy [only]] [(] { datafile {‘<file>‘ | <n>} [, …] | datafilecopy {‘<file>‘ | tag [=] <tag>} [, …] | tablespace ‘<ts>‘ [, …] | database | archivelog { all | like ‘<log>‘ | {from | until} { time [=] ‘<date>‘ | scn [=] <n> | logseq [=] <n> [thread = <n>] }} | current controlfile | controlfilecopy ‘<ctrl>’ } [not backed up [since time [=] ‘<date>’] ][plus archivelog][include current controlfile] [delete [all] input] [tag [=] <tag>] [format [=] ‘<fm>’] [filesperset [=] <n>] [channel <chann>] [skip {offline | readonly | inaccessible}] [setsize [=] <n>] [diskratio [=] <n>] [pool [=] <n>] [parms [=] ‘<par>‘] [)];
validate backupset <n> [, …] [check logical];
Restore & Recovery
set autolocate {on | off};
set archivelog destination to ‘<path>’;
set newname for datafile {‘<file>’ | <n>} to ‘<new>’;
restore [(] { database [skip [forever] tablespace <ts> [, …]] | tablespace ‘<ts>’ [, …] | datafile {‘<file>’ | <n>} [, …] | archivelog { all | like ‘<log>’ | {from | until} { time [=] ‘<date>’ | scn [=] <n> | logseq [=] <n> [thread = <n>] }} | controlfile [to ‘<ctrl>’] } [)] [channel <chann>] [from tag [=] ‘<tag>‘] [parms ‘<par>‘] [from {backupset | datafilecopy} ] [validate] [check readonly] [check logical] [ until { time [=] ‘<date>‘ | scn [=] <n> | logseq [=] <n> [thread [=] <n>] }];
replicate controlfile from ‘<ctrl>‘;
switch datafile { {‘<file>‘ | <n>} [to datafilecopy {‘<file>‘ | tag [=] <tag>} ] | all };
set until { time [=] ‘<date>‘ | scn [=] <n> | logseq [=] <n> [thread [=] <n>] };
recover { database [ until { time [=] ‘<date>‘ | scn [=] <n> | logseq [=] <n> [thread [=] <n>] }] [skip [forever] tablespace <ts> [, …] ] | tablespace ‘<ts>’ [, …] | datafile {‘<file>’ | <n>} [, …] } [delete archivelog] [check readonly] [check logical] [noredo];
blockrecover { datafile <x> block <x> [, …]| tablespace <ts> dba <x> [, …]| corruption list }[from {backupset | datafilecopy} ][from tag [=] ‘<tag>’][restore until { time [=] ‘<date>‘ | scn [=] <n> | sequence [=] <n> thread [=] <n> } ];
set auxname for datafile {‘<file>‘ | <n>} to {‘<new>‘ | null };
duplicate target database to ‘<db>‘ [logfile {‘<log>‘ [size <n>] [reuse] | group <n> (‘<log>‘ [, …]) [size <n>] [reuse] }] [nofilenamecheck] [skip readonly];
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22 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Views & Tables
v$dblink, v$db_pipes, v$aq, v$hs_agent, v$hs_session, v$hs_parameter, dba_db_links, dba_2pc_pending, dba_2pc_neighbors, dba_repcatlog, dba_repgroup, dba_repgroup_privileges,
dba_repcolumn, dba_repcolumn_group, dba_repgenobjects, dba_repgrouped_column, dba_repkey_columns, dba_repsites, dba_repsites_
new, dba_repobject, dba_reppriority,
dba_reppriority_group, dba_repprop, dba_repddl, dba_repconflict, dba_represolution,
dba_represolution_method, dba_represol_
stats_control, dba_represolution_statistics, dba_repparameter_column, dba_repcat_refresh_
templates, dba_repcat_template_objects, dba_repcat_template_parms, dba_repcat_template_
sites, user_repcat_temp_output, dba_repcat_user_authorizations, dba_repcat_user_parm_values, dba_jobs, dba_jobs_running, deftran, dba_snapshots, snap$, dba_snapshot_refresh_times, dba_snapshot_logs, dba_snapshot_
log_filter_cols, dba_registered_snapshots, dba_registered_snapshot_groups, dba_queues, dba_queue_tables, dba_queue_schedules, queue_privileges, dba_refresh, dba_refresh_
children, all_refresh_dependencies, dba_rchild, dba_rgroup, defcall, defcalldest, defdefaultdest, deferrcount, deferror, deflob, defpropagator, defschedule, deftran, deftrandest,
dba_mviews, dba_mview_aggregates, dba_mview_joins, dba_mview_keys, dba_mview_analysis, dba_mview_detail_relations, dba_summaries, dba_summary_aggregates, dba_summary_joins, dba_summary_keys, dba_summary_detail_tables, dba_dimensions,
dba_dim_levels, dba_dim_hierachies, dba_dim_child_of, dba_dim_attributes, dba_dim_join_key, dba_dim_level_key, mview$_exceptions, mviews$_recommendations,
mview$_evaluations, hs_all_caps, hs_class_caps, hs_base_caps, hs_inst_caps, hs_all_dd, hs_class_dd, hs_base_dd, hs_inst_dd, hs_all_inits, hs_class_init, hs_inst_init, hs_external_objects, hs_external_object_privileges,
hs_external_user_privileges, hs_fds_class, hs_fds_inst, trusted_servers
Parameters
global_names, open_links, open_links_per_instance,
distributed_transactions, commit_
point_strength, job_queue_processes, aq_tm_processes, dblink_encrypt_login, replication_dependency_tracking, query_rewrite_
enabled, query_rewrite_integrity, hs_autoregister, hs_commit_point_strength, hs_db_domain, hs_db_internal_name, hs_db_name, hs_describe_cache_hwm, hs_language, hs_nls_date_format, hs_nls_date_language, hs_nls_nchar, hs_open_cursors, hs_rowid_
cache_size, hs_rpc_fetch_reblocking, hs_fds_fetch_rows, hs_rpc_fetch_size
Packages
DBMS_REPCAT{create | drop}_master_repgroup, {suspend | resume}_master_activity, {create | drop}_master_repobject, set_columns, {add | remove}_master_database, alter_master_propagation, relocate_masterdef, {make | drop}_column_group, {add | drop}_grouped_column, {add | drop}_update_resolution, {define | drop}_priority_group, {add | alter | drop}_priority_<type>, {alter | drop}_priority, {define | drop}_site_priority,
{add | alter | drop}_site_priority_site, {add | drop}_unique_resolution, {add | drop}_delete_resolution, generate_{replication
| snapshot}_support, create_snapshot_
repobject, switch_snapshot_master, send_and_compare_old_values, {register | cancel | purge}_statistics, do_deferred_repcat_
admin, purge_master_log, repcat_import_
check, comment_on_{repgroup | repobject | repsites | column_group | priority_group | site_priority | unique_resolution
| update_resolution | delete_resolution},
{specify | add}_new_masters, prepare_instantiated_master, resume_propagation_to_mdef
DBMS_REPCAT_ADMINgrant_admin_{schema | any_schema}, register_user_repgroup
DBMS_REPCAT_INSTANTIATE
DBMS_REPCAT_RGTcreate_template_object
DBMS_REPUTILreplication_{on | off}
DBMS_DEFERtransaction, call, <type>_arg
DBMS_DEFER_SYS{add | delete}_default_destination, push, purge, delete_tran, execute_error, execute_error_as_user, delete_error, schedule_push, unschedule_push, set_disabled, disabled, schedule_purge, schedule_execution, register_propagator
DBMS_DEFER_QUERY
DBMS_OFFLINE_OG{begin | end}_instantiation, resume_subset_
of_masters, {begin | end}_load
DBMS_OFFLINE_SNAPSHOT{begin | end}_load
DBMS_REFRESHrefresh, change
DBMS_JOBsubmit, remove, change, what, next_date, interval, broken, run, instance
DBMS_RECTIFIER_DIFFdifferences, rectify
DBMS_AQ, DBMS_AQADM
DBMS_MVIEW (DBMS_SNAPSHOT){begin | end}_table_reorganization, purge_log, purge_direct_load_log, purge_snapshot_
from_log, purge_mview_from_log, {register | unregister}_snapshot, {register | unregister}_mview, set_i_am_a_refresh, i_am_a_refresh, refresh, refresh_mv, refresh_all, refresh_all_mviews, refresh_dependent,
get_log_age, get_mv_dependecies,
{set | wrap}_up, testing, explain_{mview | rewrite}, pmarker
DBMS_OLAPvalidate_dimension, estimate_space, recommend_mv, estimate_summary_size, evaluate_utilization, evaluate_utilization_
w, set_logfile_name
DEMO_DIMprint_dim, print_alldims
DEMO_SUMADV
DBMS_HScreate_inst_init, drop_inst_init, create_
fds_inst, drop_fds_inst
DBMS_HS_PASSTHROUGHexecute_immediate, open_cursor, bind_variable, execute_non_query, fetch_row, get_value, close_cursor
DBMS_DISTRIBUTED_TRUST_ADMINdeny_all, allow_all, deny_server, allow_
server
Files
catrep.sql, catdefer.sql, catrepc.sql, smdim.sql, sadvdemo.sql, caths.sql
Desupported Features
job_queue_interval, defcall, distributed_lock_timeout, snapshot_refresh_keep_connections, snapshot_refresh_processes, snapshot_refresh_
interval, distributed_recovery_connection_
hold_time, job_queue_keep_connectionsDistributed DB, Replication, Heterogenous Services, Advanced Queuing & Data Warehousing
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 23
Distributed DB, Replication, Heterogenous Services, Advanced Queuing & Data Warehousing (cont.)
Distributed DB
create [shared] [public] database link <link[@qual]> [connect to {<user> identified by <pwd> | current_user} ] [authenticated by <user> identified by <pwd>] [using ‘<netserv>‘];
alter session close database link <link>;
drop [public] database link <link>;
alter session advise {commit | rollback | nothing};
alter system {enable | disable} distributed recovery;
commit comment ‘ORA-2PC-CRASH-TEST-<1-10>‘;
Materialized Views
create {materialized view | snapshot} log on <tab> [tablespace <ts>] [storage (…)] [pctfree <10>] [pctused <40>] [initrans <1>] [maxtrans <n>] [logging | nologging] [cache | nocache] [noparallel | parallel [<n>]] [partition…] [lob…] [using index…] [with [primary key] [, rowid] [(<col> [, …])] ] [{including | excluding} new values];
alter {materialized view | snapshot} log on <tab> [add [primary key] [, rowid] [(<col> [, …])] ] […];
drop {materialized view | snapshot} log on <tab>;
create {materialized view | snapshot} <mview>[tablespace <ts>] [storage (…)] [pctfree <10>] [pctused <40>] [initrans <1>] [maxtrans <n>] [logging | nologging] [cache | nocache] [noparallel | parallel [<n>]] [cluster <clust> (<col> [, …])] [lob…] [partition…] [build {immediate | deferred}] [on prebuilt table [{with | without} reduced precision]] [using index…] [ refresh [fast | complete | force] [on commit | on demand] [start with ‘<date>’] [next ‘<date>’] [with {primary key | rowid}] [using [default] [master | local] rollback segment [<rbs>]] ] | never refresh ] [for update] [{enable | disable} query rewrite] as <query>;
alter {materialized view | snapshot} <mview> … [compile];
drop {materialized view | snapshot} <mview>;
Dimensions
create [force | noforce] dimension <dim> level <lev> is [(] <tab>.<col> [, …)] [level…] hierachy <hier> ( <child_lev> child of <parent_lev> [child of <parent_lev>…] [join key (<child_col> [, …] ) references <parent_lev>] [join…] ) [attribute <lev> determines [(] <dep_col> [, …)] ] [attribute…];
alter dimension <dim> { add { level… | hierachy… | attribute… } | drop { level <lev> [restrict | cascade] | hierachy <hier> | attribute <lev> } | compile };
drop dimension <dim>;
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24 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Processes
IDLM, PCM, OPQ, OPSM, OPSD
vendor OSDs:CM, Start, IO, IPC
(RegKeys: OSD, CMDLL, IODLL, IPCDLL, STARTDLL)
Views & Tables
gv$<dyn_perf_view>, v$active_instances, v$resource, v$resource_limit, v$ges_statistics,
v$ges_latch, v$ges_convert_local, v$ges_convert_remote, v$ges_enqueue, v$ges_blocking_enqueue, v$ges_resource, v$ges_traffic_controller, v$gc_element, v$cr_block_server, v$gc_elements_with_collisions,
v$cache_transfer, v$file_cache_transfer, v$temp_cache_transfer, v$class_cache_transfer,
v$false_ping, v$lock_activity, v$lock_element,
v$lock_class_ping, v$cache_lock, v$latch_misses, v$hvmaster_info, v$gcshvmaster_info, v$gcspfmaster_info, file_lock, ext_to_obj, oraping_config
Parameters
cluster_database, cluster_database_instances, cluster_interconnects, active_instance_count, thread, instance_name, instance_number, instance_groups, parallel_instance_group, service_names, dml_locks, gc_files_to_locks, gc_latches, max_commit_propagation_delay, parallel_default_max_scans, lock_name_space, cpu_count, trace_enabled, sessions_per_user????
Package
DBMS_LIBCACHEcompile_from_remote
Files
init<db_name>.ora, <db_name>.conf,
utlclust.sql, catclust.sql, clustdb.sql, catlibc.sql, dbmslibc.sql
Desupported Features
v$dlm_misc, v$dlm_latch, v$dlm_convert_local,
v$dlm_covert_remote, v$dlm_locks, v$dlm_ress, v$dlm_all_locks, v$dlm_traffic_controller, v$lock_element, v$bsp, v$locks_with_collisions, v$file_ping, v$temp_ping, v$ping, v$class_ping
init_com.ora
parallel_server, parallel_server_instances, ops_interconnects, gc_defer_time, gc_releasable_
locks, gc_rollback_locks, lm_locks, lm_ress, gc_latches, gc_lck_procs, delayed_
logging_block_cleanouts, freeze_db_for_fast_instance_recovery, ogms_home, ops_admin_group, lm_procs
SQL
alter session instance_number...??
alter {table | cluster | index} <segm> allocate extent ( [size <n>] [datafile ‘<file>‘] [instance <n>] );
create {table | cluster | index} <segm>… storage ( … [freelists <1>] [freelist groups <1>] … ) …;Real Application Clusters
Utilities
srvctl { <cmd> –h| config [–p <db>]| {start | stop} –p <db> [–i <inst> | –s {<inst> | <lsnr>}]| status –p <db> [–s {<inst> | <lsnr>}]| add { db –p <db> –o <oracle_home> | instance –p <db> –i <inst> –n <node> }| delete { db –p <db> | instance –p <db> –i <inst> }| rename instance –p <db> –i <old> –e <new>| move instance –p <db> –i <inst> –n <new_node>| get env –p <db> [–i <inst>]| set env –p <db> –t <var> = <val> [–i <inst>]| unset env –p <db> –t <var> [–i <inst>] }
srvconfig { –init | {–exp | –imp} <file> | –conv <db.conf> }
gsd, gsdservice { –start | –install | –remove }
opsctl [start | stop] –c <user>/<pwd> –n <db> [–i <sid> [, …]][–f] [–t] [–u] [–m] [–y | e] [–v] [–h]
GUIOracleOBJManager, setlinks /f:<file> /d
crtsrv.bat
Fail Safe & RAC Guard
fscmd { dumpcluster | movegroup | onlinegroup | offlinegroup | onlineresource | offlineresource | verifygroup | verifyallgroups } <resource> /cluster = <clust> [/logfile = <log>] [/node = <node>] [/offline = { abort | immediate | transactional | normal } ] [/domain = <OSdomain> /user = <OSuser> /pwd = <pwd>]
pfsctl { help | pfsboot | pfshalt | status | restore| move_primary [<sec>]| stop_secondary [<sec>]| bootone <pack> [-f]| haltone <pack>| switchover [<sec>]| call_home| report [-f <file>] [-d yyyy/mm/ss-hh:mi:ss] [-s] }
$ORACLE_SERVICE, pfssetup
createpacks, deletepacks
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 25
Real Application Clusters (cont.)
Tuning/Contention (RAC)
Global Cache Service (GCS)
«global cache %» (v$sysstat, class 40)
contention:«global cache cr timeouts» = 0«global cache convert timeouts» = 0
cache fusion latency: «global cache cr block receive time» / «global cache cr blocks received»: ~ 15 ms (1 ms with user mode IPC, OPS8i: ~ 1-40 ms)«global cache current block receive time» / «global cache current blocks received»
LMS service time (sum & individual):«global cache cr (queue + build + flush + send) time» / «global cache cr blocks served»«global cache current (pin + flush + send) time» / «global cache current blocks served»
average get time: ~ 20-30 ms«global cache get time» / «global cache gets»
average convert time: ~ 10-20 ms«global cache convert time» / «global cache converts»
other statistics:v$cache (forced_writes = 0, forced_reads), v$cache_transfer, v$bh, v$class_cache_transfer, v$file_cache_transfer, v$rowcache (dc_sequences, dc_used_extents)
Global Enqueue Service (GES)
«global lock %» (v$sysstat, class 32)
average global enqueue get time: ~ 20-30 ms«global lock get time» / («global lock sync gets» + «global lock async gets»)
average global lock convert time: ~ 20 ms«global lock convert time» / («global lock sync converts» + «global lock async converts»)
other statistics:v$lock_activity, v$ges_statistics, v$ges_convert_local, v$ges_convert_remote, v$rowcache, v$librarycache
Wait Events
v$system_event
statistics:«buffer busy %», «cr request entry», «db file %», «enqueue», «global cache %», «KJC: wait %», «library cache pin», «log file sync», «row cache lock»
contention:
«global cache busy», «buffer busy due to global cache»
Latches
v$latch:gets / misses ~ 0.9-0.95
v$latch_misses:sleeps / misses
Sequences
use sequence number multipliers
cache sequence numbers
Tuning/Contention (OPS 8i)
Global cache
consistent-read requests:«global cache cr block received» + «global cache cr blocks read from disk»
Global locks
IDLM non-PCM resources:v$librarycache, v$rowcache
IDLM
lock statistics:v$dlm_convert_local, v$dlm_convert_remote
message statistics: (v$dlm_misc) average receive queue length: < 10«dlm total incoming msg queue length» / «dlm messages received»
OPS I/O
«DBWR forced writes» / «physical writes» (v$sysstat)
(«remote instance undo header writes» + «remote
instance undo block writes») / «DBWR forced writes» (v$sysstat)
Locking
«releasable freelist waits» (v$sysstat)
Lock conversion
lock hit ratio: (v$sysstat)consistent gets» – «global lock converts (async)» / «consistent gets» > 95%, «lock element cleanup» (v$system_event, v$session_wait), v$lock_activity, v$class_ping, v$ping
Pinging
ping write ratio: (v$sysstat)«DBWR cross instance writes» / «physical writes», v$lock_activity
Block contention
v$bh, v$cache, v$pingmult. copies of 2nd block of file -> freelist contention (check v$waitstat)
Partitioning
partition tables and indexes OR configure process free lists and free list groups + allocate extents for instances (free list group choice: «alter session set instance = <n>;»)
PCM Locks
«lm_locks» = «lm_ress» = 2 * (gc_files_to_locks + gc_rollback_locks [fixed] + gc_releasable_locks), v$resource_limit,
Enqu. Locks
20 + (10*sess) + db_files + 1 + (2*proc) + (db_block_buffers/64)
DML Locks
set «dml_locks» = 0 for all instances, or disable specific table locks
Recovery
«instance recovery database freeze count» (v$sysstat)
Inst. groups
«alter session set parallel_instance_group = <grp>;»
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26 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Globalization Support
Views & Tables
v$nls_parameters, v$nls_valid_values, v$timezone_names, nls_database_parameters, nls_instance_parameters, nls_session_parameters,
props$, csmv$columns, csmv$constraints, csmv$errors, csmv$indexes, csmv$tables
Packages
DBMS_SESSIONset_nls(<name>,<value>)
Files
<prod><lang>.msb, timezone.dat, timezlrg.dat, csminst.sql
Server: Init. Parameters
nls_language
• nls_date_language
• nls_sort
nls_territory
• nls_date_format
• nls_currency (fm L), nls_iso_currency (fm C), nls_dual_currency
• nls_numeric_characters (fm DG)
• nls_calendar
• nls_comp
• nls_length_semantics
• nls_nchar_conv_excp
• nls_time_format
• nls_timestamp_format
• nls_timestamp_tz_format
• nls_time_tz_format
$ORA_TZFILE
Client: Environment Variables
nls_lang, nls_nchar
• nls_date_language
• nls_sort
• nls_date_format
• nls_currency, nls_iso_currency, nls_dual_currency
• nls_numeric_characters
• nls_comp
• nls_calendar
• nls_credit, nls_debit
• nls_list_separator
• nls_display
• nls_monetary
Session:
alter session set nls_language = <lang> nls_territory = <territ>;
alter session set time_zone = <x>;
NLS-Affected SQL-Functions
to_char • nls_date_language• nls_numeric_characters• nls_currency• nls_iso_currency• nls_calendar
to_date• nls_date_language• nls_calendar
to_number• nls_numeric_characters• nls_currency• nls_iso_currency
nls_upper• nls_sort
nls_lower• nls_sort
nls_initcap• nls_sort
nlssort• nls_sort
Datetime Functions
Character Set & Timezone
create database …[character set {<charset> << OS dependent | <UTF8> | <UTFE> | <AL32UTF8>} ] [national character set << 9i: Unicode only {<UTF8> | <AL16UTF16>} ] [set time_zone = { ‘<{+|-}hh:mi>’ | ‘<time_zone_region>’ } ] …
alter database [<db>] [national] character set <new_char>; << must be strict superset
<< AL24UTFFSS is desupported in 9i
Utilities
csscanhelp = <n> userid = <user>/<pwd> parfile = <par> log = <scan.log> user = <schema> table = (<tab> [, …) exclude = (<tab> [, …) tochar = <new> fromchar = <old> tonchar = <new> fromnchar = <old> array
= <10240> process = <1> maxblocks = <x> capture = <n> suppress = <x> feedback = <x> boundaries = <x> lastrpt = <n> preserve = <n>
lbuilder
lxegen
lxinst [oranls=<$ORA_NLS33>] [sysdir=<path>] [destdir=<path>] [help=<no>] [warning={0 | 1 | 2 | 3}]
lxbcnf [oranls=<$ORA_NLS33>] [userbootdir=<path>] [destdir=<path>] [help=<no>]
Desupported Features
nls_monetary_characters, nls_list_separator, nls_credit, nls_debit, nls_union_currency
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 27
sqlplus [ -h[elp] | -v[ersion] | [-m[arkup] html [on | off] [head “<txt>”] [body “<txt>”] [table “<txt>”] [entmap {on | off}] [spool {on | off}] [pre[format] {on | off}] [-r[estrict] <1 | 2 | 3>] [-s[ilent]] ][ <user>[/<pwd>][@<serv>] | / ] [ as {sysoper | sysdba} | /nolog ][ @<URI | file>[.<ext>] [<arg>, …]]
Environment
appi[nfo] {on|off|<text>}, array[size] [<15>], auto[commit] {on|off|imm[ediate]|<n>}, autop[rint] {on|off}, autorecovery [on|off], autot[race] {on|off|trace[only]} [exp[lain]] [stat[istics]], blo[ckterminator] <.>, cmds[ep] {<;>|on|off}, colsep <_>, com[patibility] {native|v8|v7}, con[cat] {<c>|on|off}, copyc[ommit] <0>, copytypecheck {on|off}, def[ine] {<&>|on|off}, describe [depth {<1>|all} | indent {on|off} | linenum
{on|off}], echo {on|off}, editf[ile] <file>[.<ext>], emb[edded] {on|off}, esc[ape] {<\>|on|off}, feed[back] {<6>|on|off}, flagger
{off|entry|intermed[iate]|full}, flu[sh] {on|off}, hea[ding] {on|off}, heads[ep] {||on|off}, instance {<serv>|local}, lin[esize] <80>, lobof[fset] <1>, logsource [<path>], long <80>, longc[hunksize] <80>, m[arkup] html [on | off] [head “<txt>”] [body “<txt>”] [table “<txt>”] [entmap {on | off}] [spool {on | off}] [pre[format] {on | off}], newp[age] {<1>|none}, null <txt>, numf[ormat] <fmt>, num[width] <10>, pages[ize] <24>, pau[se] {on|off|<txt>}, recsep {wr[apped]|ea[ch]|off}, recsepchar <_>, serverout[put] {on|off} [size <2000>] [for[mat] {wra[pped]|wor[d_wrapped|tru[ncated]}], shift[inout] {vis[ible]|inv[isible]}, show[mode] {on|off}, sqlbl[anklines] {on|off}, sqlc[ase] {mix[ed]|lo[wer]|up[per]}, sqlc[ontinue] <>>, sqln[umber] {on|off}, sqlpluscompat[ibility] <x.y[.z]>, sqlpre[fix] <#>, sqlp[rompt] <SQL>>, sqlt[erminator] {<;>|on|off>}, suf[fix] <SQL>, tab {on|off}, term[out] {on|off}, ti[me] {on|off}, timi[ng] {on|off}, trim[out] {on|off}, trims[pool] {on|off}, und[erline] {<->|on|off}, ver[ify] {on|off}, wra[p] {on|off}
sql.pno, sql.lno, sql.release, sql.sqlcode, sql.user
SQL Buffer Manipulation
ed[it], a[ppend], c[hange] /<old> [/<new>], cl[ear] buff[er], del [<n>] [<y>] [*] [last], l[ist] [<n>] [<y>] [*] [last], i[nput]
Data Types SQL*Plus
var[iable] [<var> [ number | char | char (<n>) | nchar | nchar (<n>) | varchar2 (<n>) | nvarchar2 (<n>) | clob | nclob | refcursor] ]
char: max. 2.000B, varchar: max. 4000B
Commands
/, r[un]
@<file>, @@<file>, start <file>
sav[e] <file> [cre[ate] | rep[lace] | app[end] ]
get <file> [ lis[t] | nol[ist] ]
spo[ol] {<file> | off | out}
pri[nt] [<var>], help, rem[ark], set, show
{ho[st] | ! | $} <cmd>
store [set] <file> [ cre[ate] | rep[lace] | app[end] ]
def[ine] <var> = <value>
undef[ine] <var>
pro[mpt] [<string>]
pau[se] [<string>]
conn[ect] { / | <user/pwd> | internal [<pwd>] } [as {sysdba | sysoper}]<< desupported
disc[onnect]
passw[ord] [<user>]
startup, shutdown, recover
Data Access
attribute <object_type>.<attr> [ali[as] <name>] [for[mat] <fm>] [like <attr>] [cle[ar] ] [on |off]
acc[ept] <var> [num[ber] | char | date] [for[mat] <fm>] [def[ault] <def>] [prompt <string> | nopr[ompt] ] [hide]
desc[ribe] { <tab> | <view> | <pack> | <func> | <proc> | <syn> | <type> }
sho[w] { <var> | all | err[ors] [{ package | package body | function | procedure | view | trigger | type | type body | dimension | java class } <name>] | lno | pno | user | tti[tle] | bti[tile] | reph[eader] | repf[ooter] | spoo[l] | sqlcode | sga | parameters | release }
timi[ng] [start <string> | show | stop]
exec[ute] { <:var> := <func> (<par> [, …]) | <proc> (<par> [, …]) }
whenever {sqlerror | oserror} { exit… | continue [commit | rollback | none] }
{exit | quit} [success | failure | warning | <n> | <var> | <:var>] [commit | rollback]
copy [from <user>@<db>] [to <user>@<db>] {create | replace | insert | append} <tab> [(<col>, …)] using <query>;
Formatting
{ tti[tle] | bti[tle] | reph[eader] | repf[ooter] } [ [page] [ le[ft] | ce[nter] | r[ight] ] [col <n>] [tab <n>] [bold] [s[kip] <n>] [format <fm>] [‘<string>’] [<var>] […] | {on | off} ]
col[umn] [ <col> { [for[mat] <fm>] [ wra[pped] | wor[d_wrapped] | tru[ncated] ] [hea[ding] <string>] [ali[as] <alias>] [nul[l] <string>] [ fold_a[fter] | fold_b[efore]] [like <alias>] [newl[ine]] [ {new_v[alue] | old_v[alue]} <var>] [ jus[tify] { l[eft] | c[enter] | c[entre] | r[ight] }] | {on | off} | {print | noprint} | cle[ar] }]
bre[ak] [on {<bcol> | row | report | <expr>} [ski[p] <n> | page] [on…] [nodup[licates] | dup[licates]] ]
comp[ute] [{ sum | min[imum] | max[imum] | avg | std | var[iance] | cou[nt] | num[ber] } […] [la[bel] <lab>] of <col> [<col>…] on {<bcol> | row | report} ]
clear { scr[een] | col[umns] | bre[aks] | comp[utes] | sql | timi[ng] | buff[er] }SQL*Plus
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28 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Data Types (PL/SQL & Database)
Views & Tables
v$type_size, v$temporary_lobs, v$timezone_names, dba_types, dba_type_attrs,
dba_type_methods, dba_coll_types, dba_lobs, dba_part_lobs, dba_lob_partitions, dba_lob_subpartitions, dba_varrays, dba_refs, dba_operators, dba_oparguments, dba_opbindings,
dba_opancillary, dba_method_params, dba_method_results, dba_directories, dba_rulesets
SQL-Functions
Parameters
Scalar Types (Built-in Types)
character
• char (<1> [byte | char]) type 96{col: 2.000B, pl: 32.767B}(Subtype: character)
• varchar2 (<n> [byte | char]) type 1{col: 4.000B, pl: 32.767B (preallocated < 2000B)} (Subtypes: string, varchar) << deprec.
• nchar (<1>) type 96{col: 2.000B, pl: 32.767B, unicode only}national character literal: N’<string>’
• nvarchar2 (<n>) type 1{col: 4.000B, pl: 32.767B, unicode only}
binary_integer
• {pl: -2.147.483.647 .. 2.147.483.647} library arithmetic (Subtypes: natural {non-neg.}, naturaln {not null} positive{pos.}, positiven {not null}, signtype{-1,0,1} )
pls_integer
• {pl: -2.147.483.647 .. 2.147.483.647} machine arithmetic
number [(<prec>[, <scal>])] type 2
• {precision: 38 digits, scale: -84 to 127, 21B (20B Mantisse, 1B Exponent)} (Subtypes: dec, decimal, double precision,
float, int, integer, numeric, real, smallint)
datetime and interval
• date type 12/13{7B = CentYearMonDayHourMinSec, 8B, -4.712 to 9.999}ANSI date literal: date ’<yyyy-mm-dd>’
• timestamp [(<6>)] type 180 [ with time zone type 181/187/188 | with local time zone ] type 231{20B}timestamp literal: timestamp ‘<yyyy-mm-dd ...>’
• interval year [(<2>)] to month type 182
• interval day [(<2>)] to second [(<6>)] type 183
raw (<n>) type 23
• {col: 2.000B, pl: 32.767B}
large objects
• long type 8 << deprecated{col: 231-1B=2G, pl: 32.760B}
• long raw type 24 << deprecated{col: 231-1B=2G, pl: 32.760B}
• internal: CLOB, NCLOB type 112BLOB type 113{col: 232-1B=4G, inline ~4000b, else out of line}
• external: BFILE {pointer} type 114{ext. LOB: 232-1B=4G}create [or replace] directory <dir> as ‘<path>’;drop directory <dir>;
rowid
• rowid type 69{extented: 10B, restricted: 6B (block.row.file), physical rowid}
• urowid [(<4000B>)] type 208col: 4.000B (IOT logical urowid or foreign table foreign urowid)
boolean
• {pl: true | false | null}
subtype <subtype> is <base_type> [not null];
ANSI Supported Types
character [varying] (<n>)
{char | nchar} varying (<n>)
varchar (<n>)
national {character | char} [varying] (<n>)
{numeric | decimal | dec} [(<prec>[, <scal>])]
{integer | int | smallint}
float [(<n>)]
double precision
real
Relationship Types
ref
• ref cursor, ref <otype> {pointer}
Record Types
logical unit of dissimilar types
record may not be DB col
type <rec_type> is record (<field> {<type> | <tab>.<col>%type} [[not null] {:= | default} <expr>] [, …]);
<record> {<rec_type> | <tab>%rowtype};
<rec_var>.<field> := <expr>;
Collection
elements of same typeinitialized by constructor <collect>(…)
varray may be DB col
nested table may be DB col
index-by table must not be DB col
type <varr_type> is {varray | varying array} (<size>) of <type> [not null];
type <tab_type> is table of <type> [not null] [index by binary_integer];
<coll> {<varr_type> | <tab_type>};
<coll>(<subscript>)[.<item>] := <expr>;
<coll>.<method>count, delete [ (<i> [,<j>] ) ], exists(<i>), extend [(<n> [,<i>] )], limit, first, last, next(<i>), prior(<i>), trim [ (<i>) ]
User-defined Types
abstract types
initialized by constructor <type>(…)
create [or replace] type <type>;forward type definition / incomplete type
create [or replace] type <type> [authid {current_user | definer}] {is | as} { object ( <attr> <type> [, …] [, {static | [map | order] member} {function | procedure} <func> [( {self | <par>} [in | out | in out] <type> [, …] )] [return <type>] [ {is | as} language { java name ‘<func>‘ | C [name <func>] library <lib> [with context] [parameters (<par>) }] [, pragma restrict_references ( {<method> | default}, {rnds | wnds | rnps | wnps | trust} )] [, …] ]) | {varray | varying array} (<n>) of <type> | table of <type> };
create [or replace] type body <type> {is | as} {static | [map | order] member} {function | procedure} <func> [( {self | <par>} [in | out | in out] <type> [, …] )] [return <type>] [ {is | as} { begin <stat>; end [<func>]; | language { java name ‘<func>‘ | C [name <func>] library <lib> [with context] [parameters (<par>)] }} [, …] end;
alter type <type> { compile [debug] [specification | body] | replace as object (<attr> <type> [, …] [, {static | [map | order] member} {function | procedure} <func> [( {self | <par>} [in | out | in out] <type> [, …] )] [return <type>] [, pragma restrict_references ( {<method> | default}, {rnds | wnds | rnps | wnps | trust} )] [, …]] )};
drop type [body] <type> [force];
[ref] obj_type, type, varchar2(x), number[(p,s)], date, raw(x), char[acter](x), char varying(x), varchar(x), numeric[(p,s)], dec[imal] [(p,s)], int[eger], smallint, float[(x)], double precision, real, blob, clob, bfile
Maximum Row Size
row header (min. 3B) + SUM(max. field length + length indicator (<=250: 1B, >250: 3B))
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 29
Oracle Supplied Types
SYS.AnyData
SYS.AnyType
SYS.AnyDataSet
SYS.XMLType
SYS.UriType
SYS.UriFactoryType
MDSYS.SDO_Geometry
ORDSYS.ORDAudio
ORDSYS.ORDImage
ORDSYS.ORDVideo
Data Types (PL/SQL & Database) (cont.)
Implicit Type Conversion
char
varchar2
date
datetime/interval
long
number
raw
rowid
clob
blob
nchar
nvarchar2
nclob
char
—
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
varchar2
X
—
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
date
X
X
—
X
X
datetime/interval
X
X
—
X
X
X
X
long
X
X
X
—
X
X
X
X
X
number
X
X
—
X
X
raw
X
X
X
—
X
X
X
rowid
X
X
—
X
X
clob
X
X
X
—
blob
X
—
nchar
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
—
X
X
nvarchar2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
—
X
nclob
X
X
X
—
Explicit Type Conversion (SQL Conversion Functions)
char, varchar2,
nchar, nvarchar2
number
datetime/interval
raw
rowid
long, long raw
clob, nclob, blob
char, varchar2,
nchar, nvarchar2
to_char (char),
to_nchar (char)
to_number
to_date, to_timestamp, to_timestamp_tz, to_yminterval, to_dsinterval
hextoraw
chartorowid
to_clob,
to_nclob
number
to_char (number), to_nchar (number)
—
to_date, to_yminterval, to_dsinterval
datetime/interval
o_char (date), to_nchar (datetime)
—
raw
rawtohex,
rawtonhex
—
to_blob
rowid
rowidtochar
—
long, long raw
—
to_lob
clob, nclob, blob
to_char,
to_nchar
to_clob,
to_nclob
Explicit Type Conversion (Cast Function)
cast ( { <expr> | (<subquery>) | multiset (<subquery>) } as <type> )
char, varchar2
number
datetime, interval
raw
rowid, urowid
nchar, nvarchar2
char, varchar2
X
X
X
X
X
number
X
X
date, timestamp, interval
X
X
raw
X
X
rowid, urowid
X
X
nchar, nvarchar2
X
X
X
X
X
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30 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
SQL, PL/SQL & Java
Views & Tables
v$reserved_words, v$resumable, dba_source, dba_errors, dba_dependencies, deptree, ideptree, dba_libraries, dba_outlines, dba_outline_hints, dba_resumable, outln.ol$, outln.ol$hints, java$options, java$class$md5$table, create$java$lob$table, dba_workspace_sessions, all_workspaces, all_workspace_privs, all_workspace_savepoints, all_version_hview, all_wm_locked_tables, all_wm_modified_tables, all_wm_ric_info, all_wm_tab_triggers, all_wm_versioned_tables, role_wm_privs, user_wm_privs, <tab>_conf, <tab>_diff, <tab>_lock, <tab>_lt, <tab>_hist, <tab>_wm
Parameters
optimizer_mode, db_file_multiblock_read_count, optimizer_features_enable, optimizer_index_caching, optimizer_index_
cost_adj, optimizer_max_permutations, complex_view_merging, partition_view_enabled,
hash_join_enabled, hash_area_size, star_transformation_enabled, row_locking, sql_trace, timed_statistics, create_stored_outlines,
use_stored_outlines, utl_file_dir, plsql_v2_compatibility, remote_dependencies_
mode, undo_retention, plsql_compiler_flags, cursor_sharing
Packages
DBMS_STANDARD,
DBMS_TRACE{set | pause | resume | clear | comment | limit}_plsql_trace, plsql_trace_version, get_plsql_trace_runnumber, internal_version_
check
DBMS_LOCK
DBMS_DESCRIBE
DBMS_METADATAget_{ddl | xml | dependent_ddl | dependent_
xml | granted_ddl | granted_xml | query}, open, fetch_{ddl | ddl_text | xml | clob}, close, set_{filter | count | parse_item | debug}, add_transform, set_transform_param, free_context_entry
DBMS_FLASHBACKenable_at_{time | system_change_number},
disable, get_system_change_number
DBMS_RESUMABLEabort, {get | set}_timeout, {get | set}_session_
timeout, space_error_info
DBMS_DDL
DBMS_DEBUG
DBMS_PROFILER
DBMS_ALERT
DBMS_OUTPUTput, {new | put | get}_line, get_lines, enable, disable
DBMS_PIPE{pack | unpack}_message[_{raw | rowid} ], next_item_type, {send | receive}_message, unique_name_session, purge
DBMS_SQL{open | close}_cursor, parse, last_error_
position, bind_{variable | array}, define_{column | column_long | array}, execute, describe_columns, fetch_rows, execute_and_fetch, last_row_{count | id}, {column | variable}_value, column_value_long, is_open, last_sql_function_code
DBMS_LDAP
DBMS_TRANSACTIONadvise_{commit | nothing | rollback}, commit, commit_{comment | force}, local_transaction_id, purge_lost_db_entry, purge_mixed, read_{only | write}, rollback, rollback_{force | savepoint}, savepoint, step_id, use_rollback_segment, begin_discrete_
transaction>> Discrete transactions do not generate undo information! <<
DBMS_WM{alter | goto}savepoint, {create | alter | merge | compress | freeze | get | goto | refresh | remove | rollback | unfreeze}workspace, {begin | commit}resolve, {get | set}conflictworkspace, {remove | compress}workspacetree, {enable | disable}versioning, {get | set}diffversions, getlockmode, {get | set}multiworkspaces, getopcontext, {grant | revoke}{system | workspace}priv, getprivs, gotodate, copyforupdate, {create | delete}savepoint, isworkspaceoccupied, {lock | unlock}rows, {merge | refresh | rollback}table, resolveconflicts, rollback{resolve | tosp}, set{locking | wooverwrite | workspacelockmode}{on | off}
DBMS_JAVAserver_{startup | shutdown}, longname, shortname, {get | set | reset}_compiler_option,
set_{output | streams}, {start | end}_{import | export}, {start | stop}_debugging, register_endpoint, notifiy_at_{startup | shutdown}, remove_from_{startup | shutdown}
DBMS_LOBappend, close, compare, converttoclob, copy, {create | free}temporary, erase, fileclose, filecloseall, fileexists, filegetname, fileisopen, fileopen, getchunksize, getlength,
instr, isopen, istemporary, loadfromfile,
open, read, substr, trim, write, writeappend
DBMS_OBFUSCATION_TOOLKITdesencrypt, desdecrypt, des3encrypt, des3decrypt, md5, desgetkey, des3getkey
UTL_FILEfopen, fopen_nchar, is_open, fclose, fclose_all, fflush, new_line, get_line, get_line_nchar, put_line, put_line_nchar, put, put_nchar, putf, putf_nchar, fcopy, fgetattr, fgetpos, fremove, frename, fseek, get_raw, put_raw
UTL_HTTP
UTL_URL
UTL_TCP
UTL_SMTP
UTL_ENCODE
UTL_INADDR
UTL_RAWcast_{to | from}_{number | binary_integer}
OUTLN_PKGdrop_unused, {drop | update}_by_cat, drop_{collision | extras | unrefd_hints}[_expact], deptree_fill
SQLJUTLhas_default
Files
tracetab.sql, utldtree.sql, initjvm.sql, utljavarm.sql, sqljutl.sql, owminst.plb
Desupported Features
hash_multiblock_io_count, optimizer_
percent_parallel, always_anti_join, always_semi_join, fast_full_scan_enabled, push_join_predicate
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 31
Number Functions
abs, acos, asin, atan, atan2, bitand, ceil, cos, cosh, exp, floor, ln, log, mod, power, round, sign, sin, sinh, sqrt, tan, tanh, trunc, width_bucket
Character Functions
chr, concat, initcap, lower, lpad, ltrim, nls_initcap, nls_lower, nlssort, nls_upper, replace, rpad, rtrim, soundex, substr[b|c|2|4], translate, treat, trim, upper
ascii, instr[b|c|2|4], length[b|c|2|4]Datetime Functions
add_months, current_date, current_timestamp,
dbtimezone, extract, from_tz, last_day, localtimestamp, month_between, new_time, next_day, numtodsinterval, numtoyminterval, round, sessiontimezone, sys_extract_utc, systimestamp, sysdate, to_dsinterval, to_timestamp,
to_timestamp_tz, to_yminterval, trunc, tz_offset
Conversion Functions
asciistr, bin_to_num, cast…[multiset], chartorowid, compose, convert, decompose, hextoraw, numtodsinterval, numtoyminterval, rawtohex, rawtonhex, rowidtochar, rowidtonchar,
to_char, to_clob, to_date, to_dsinterval, to_lob, to_multi_byte, to_nchar, to_nclob, to_number, to_single_byte, to_yminterval, translate…using, unistr
Micellaneous Functions
bfilename, coalesce, decode, dump, empty_blob, empty_clob, existsnode, extract, greatest, least, nls_charset_decl_len, nls_charset_id, nls_charset_name, nullif, nvl, nvl2, sys_connect_
by_path, sys_context, sys_dburigen, sys_extract_utc, sys_guid, sys_typeid, sys_xmlagg,
sys_xmlgen, uid, user, userenv, vsize
Aggregate Functions
avg, corr, count, covar_pop, covar_samp, cume_dist, dense_rank, first, group_id, grouping,
grouping_id, last, max, min, percentile_
cont, percentile_disc, percent_rank, rank, regr, stddev, stddev_pop, stddev_samp, sum, var_pop, var_samp, variance
Object Reference Functions
deref, make_ref, ref, reftohex, value
Format Models
<fm> = 9 0 $ B MI S PR D G C L , . V EEEE RN DATE A<n>
Analytic Functions
Ranking:{ rank() | dense_rank() | cume_dist() | percent_rank() | ntile(<n>) | row_number() } over ([partition by <col> [, …]] order by <col> [, …] [asc | desc] [nulls {first | last}])
Window Aggregate:{ count | sum | avg | min | max | stddev | variance | var_samp | var_pop | stddev_samp | stddev_pop | covar_samp | covar_pop | regr_slope | regr_intercept | regr_r2 | regr_avgx | regr_avgy | regr_count | regr_sxx | regr_sxy | regr_syy } (<col>) over ( [partition by <col> [, …]] order by <col> [, …] {rows | range} [ { between <n> | unbounded | interval ‘<n>‘ day } preceding] [ { [and] <n> | unbounded | interval ‘<n>‘ day } following] [current row] [first_value()] [last_value()] [asc | desc] [nulls {first | last}] )
Reporting Aggregate:{<WA-Func> | ratio_to_report} (<col>) over ( [partition by <col> [, …]] [asc | desc] [nulls {first | last}] )
LAG/LEAD:{lag | lead} (<col>, <default>) over ( order by <col> [, …] [asc | desc] [nulls {first | last}] )
SQL Statement Types
DDLcreate, alter, drop, truncate, rename, comment, grant, revoke, audit, noaudit, analyze, {associate | disassociate} statistics
DMLselect, insert, update, delete, merge, lock table, explain plan, call
TxCtlcommit, rollback, savepoint, set transaction
SessCtlalter session, set role
SysCtlalter system
SQL, PL/SQL & Java (cont.)Optimizer
Access Paths
1 single row by rowid
2 single row by cluster join
3 single row by hash cluster key with unique or primary key
4 single row by unique or primary key
5 cluster join
6 hash cluster key
7 indexed cluster key
8 composite key
9 single-column indexes
10 bounded range search on indexed columns
11 unbounded range search on indexed columns
12 sort-merge join
13 max or min of indexed column
14 order by on indexed columns
15 full table scan
-- sample table scan
-- fast full index scan
-- index join
-- bitmap index scanHints
{select | update | delete} { /*+ <HINT> [text] */ | --+ <HINT> [text] }
RULE, CHOOSE, ALL_ROWS, FIRST_ROWS [(<n>)], FULL (<tab>), ROWID (<tab>), CLUSTER (<tab>), HASH (<tab>), HASH_AJ, HASH_SJ, INDEX (<tab> [<ind> […] ] ), INDEX_ASC (<tab> [<ind> […] ] ), INDEX_DESC (<tab> [<ind> […] ] ), INDEX_COMBINE (<tab> [<ind> […] ] ), INDEX_JOIN (<tab> [<ind> […] ] ), INDEX_FFS (<tab> [<ind> […] ] ), NO_INDEX (<tab> [<ind> […] ] ), MERGE_AJ, MERGE_SJ, AND_EQUAL (<tab> <ind> <ind> […] ), USE_CONCAT, NO_EXPAND, NOREWRITE, REWRITE [ (<mview> [, …] ) ], ORDERED, STAR, USE_NL (<tab> […] ), USE_MERGE (<tab> […] ), USE_HASH (<tab> […] ), DRIVING_SITE (<tab> […] ), PARALLEL (<tab> [, {<n> | default} [ {<n> | default} ] ] ), NOPARALLEL (<tab> […] ), PQ_DISTRIBUTE
(<tab> [,] <out>, <in>), APPEND, NOAPPEND, PARALLEL_INDEX (<tab> [<ind> [, …] ] [, {<n> | default} [ {<n> | default} ] ] ), NOPARALLEL_INDEX (<tab> [<ind> [, …] ] ), CACHE (<tab> […] ), NOCACHE (<tab> […] ), MERGE (<tab>), NOMERGE (<tab>), PUSH_JOIN_PRED (<tab>), NO_PUSH_JOIN_PRED (<tab>), PUSH_SUBQ, STAR_TRANSFORMATION,
ORDERED_PREDICATES, CURSOR_
SHARING_EXACT, DYNAMIC_SAMPLING ([<tab>] <n>)
Serial direct-load insert:insert /*+APPEND */ into <tab> <query>;
Parallel direct-load insert:alter session {enable | force} parallel dml;insert /*+PARALLEL(<tab>,<n>) */ into <tab> <query>;
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32 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
Queries
select { [aggr_func (] [ {distinct | unique} | all ] { [<alias>.]<col> | * } [)] [ { + | - | * | / } <expr>] [as] [“<alias>”] [, …] | <seq>.{nextval | currval} | cursor (<subquery>) }
from { [(] [<schema>.] <tab/view/snapshot>[@<dblink>] [partition (<part>)] [subpartition (<subpart>)] [<alias>] [, …] [sample [block] (<n>)] [ [inner | {left | right | full} [outer] ] join <tab> { on <expr> | using (<col> [, …]) } | cross join <tab> | natural [inner | {left | right | full} [outer] ] join <tab> ] [)]| ( <subquery> [with {read only | check option [constraint <constr>]} ] ) | table (<coll_expr>) [(+)] }
where [(] [(] [<alias>.]<col/expr> [(+)] [,<expr>…)] { { = | != | ~= | <> | <= | >= | < | > } [any | some | all] (<expr> [, …] | <subquery>) | like ‘[ _%]<string>‘| [not] in (<expr> [, …] | <subquery>) | [not] between <expr> and <expr> | = [<alias>.]<col> | [not] exists (<subquery>) | is [not] null | is dangling } [{and [not] | or} <expr>] [, …] [)] [[start with <expr>] connect by [prior] <expr>] [group by [{rollup | cube} (] <expr> [, …] [)] [having {<expr> | (<subquery>)}] ] [ {union [all] | intersect | minus} (<subquery>) ] [order by {<col> | <n>} [asc | desc] [, …]] [for update [of <tab>.<col>] [nowait | wait <n>] ];
with <query_name> as (<subquery>) [, …] select … from <query_name> … ;<< subquery factoring
DML
insert into { <tab> [partition (<part>)] | [the] <subquery1> } [(<col> [, …] )] { values (<expr>, …) | <subquery2> } [ref into <item>];
insert { all into <tab>… [, <tab>…]| [all | first] when <expr> then into <tab>… [else into <tab>…] }<subquery>;
update <tab> set <col> = {<val> | ‘<string>’} [, …];
merge into <tab1>using <tab2> on (<join_expr>)when matched then update set…when not matched then insert (<col>…) values (…);
delete [from] <tab> [partition (<part>)] [alias] [where <expr>];
Control
commit [work] [ comment ‘<string>’ | force ‘<id>’ [,<scn>] ];
savepoint <sp>;
rollback [work] [to [savepoint] <sp> | force ‘<id>’];
set transaction { read only | read write | isolation level {serializable | read committed} | use rollback segment <rbs>}[name ‘<tx>’];
alter session {enable | disable} commit in procedure;
alter session {enable | disable | force} parallel {dml | ddl} [parallel <n>];
alter session {enable | disable} resumable [timeout <7200>] [name ‘<str>’];
PL/SQL
declare { -- <comment> | /* <comment> */ } pragma autonomous_transaction; pragma serially_reusable; pragma restrict_references (<name>, rnds, wnds, rnps, wnps, trust);read, write, no, database, package, statepragma exception_init (<exc>, <err_no>);<var> [constant] { <type> | <tab>.<col>%TYPE | <var>%TYPE | <tab>%ROWTYPE } [[not null] { := | default } <n>]; cursor <curs> [(<par> <type> [, …])] is <query> [for update of <col> [, …]]; type <refcurs_type> is ref cursor return <type>; <refcurs> <refcurs_type>; type <rec_type> ist record (<col> [, …] ); <rec> <rec_type>; <exc> exception;
begin [ << <blocklabel> >> ]select … [[bulk collect] into <var> [, …]] from …;insert into {<tab> | table (<subquery>)} [(<col> [, …])] {values (<expr>, …) | <subquery>} [returning <expr> [, …] [bulk collect] into <var> [, …]];update {<tab> | table (<subquery>)} set <col> = <expr> [, …] [where {<expr> | current of <curs>}] [returning <expr> [, …] [bulk collect] into <var> [, …]];delete from {<tab> | table (<subquery>)} [where {<expr> | current of <curs>}] [returning <expr> [, …] [bulk collect] into <var> [, …]];execute immediate <‘dyn_sql_stat‘> [[bulk collect] into {<var> [, …] | <rec>}] [using [in | out | in out] <arg> [, …]] [{returning | return} [bulk collect] into <arg> [, …]];open <refcurs> for <‘dyn_multi_row_query‘> [using <var> [, …] ];open <curs> [ (<par>, …) ];<curs>%{ found | isopen | notfound | rowcount }fetch <curs> [bulk collect] into {<var> [, …] | <rec>} [limit <n>];
close <curs>;if <expr> then <stat>; [elsif <expr> then <stat>;] [else <stat>;] end if;[ << <label> >> ] [ while <expr> | for <i> in [reverse] <a>..<b> | for <rec> in {<curs> [(<par>, …)] | (<query>) } ] loop <stat>; [if <expr> then exit; end if;] [exit [<label>] when <expr>;] end loop [<label>];forall <i> in <a>..<b> [save exceptions] { <stat> [returning <col> bulk collect into <collect>]; | execute immediate <upd | ins | del> … }SQL%{bulk_rowcount(i) | bulk_exceptions(i).error_{index | code} | bulk_exceptions.count }lock table <tab> in {share [row exclusive] | exclusive} mode [nowait];set transaction {read only | read write | isolation level {serializable | read committed} | use rollback segment <rbs>}; commit [work] [comment ‚<str>‘];savepoint <sp>;rollback [work] [to [savepoint] <sp>];null;[ << <label> >> ]goto <label>;{<var> := <func> | <proc>} ([<form_par> => ] <act_par> [, …]);return [ [(] <expr> [)] ];raise <exc>;
SQL, PL/SQL & Java (cont.)
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 33
SQL, PL/SQL & Java (cont.)
exception when {<exc> | others} [or <exc2> …] then <stat>; [sqlcode; sqlerrm(<n>);]raise;>> Predefined Server Exceptions: no_data_found, too_many_rows, invalid_cursor, zero_divide, dup_val_on_index <<
end;
Packages
create [or replace] package <pack> [authid {current_user | definer}] {is | as} {procedure | function} <name> (<par> <type> [, …]) [return <type>]; [type <refcurs> is ref cursor return <type>;]end [<pack>];
create [or replace] package body <pack> {is | as} {procedure | function} <name> [(<par> [ in | out [nocopy] | in out [nocopy] ] <type> [{:= | default} <expr>] [, …] )] [return <type>] [authid {current_user | definer}] { is begin <stat>; end; end [<pack>]; | is external library <lib> [name ‘<func>’] [language <lang>] [calling standard {C | pascal}] [with context] | as [language <lang>] name ‘<func> (<par>, …) return <type>‘ };
drop package [body] <pack>;
alter package <pack> compile [debug] [package | specification | body];
Procedures & Functions
create [or replace] function <func> [(<par> [ in | out [nocopy] | in out [nocopy] ] <type> [{:= | default} <expr>] [, …] )] return <type> [authid {current_user | definer}] [deterministic] [parallel_enable] { is <var> <type>; begin <stat>; end [<func>]; | as external library <lib> [name ‘<func>’] [language <lang>] [calling standard {C | pascal}] parameters ( { <par> [ indicator | length | maxlen | charsetid | charsetform ] [by ref] <type> [, …] return [indicator | …] [by ref] <type> | context } [, …]) [with context] | as [language <lang>] name ‘<func> (<par>, …) return <type>‘ };
drop function <func>;
create [or replace] procedure <proc> [(<par> [ in | out [nocopy] | in out [nocopy] ] <type> [{:= | default} <expr>] [, …] )] [authid {current_user | definer}] { is <var> <type>; begin <stat>; end [<proc>]; | as [language <lang>] name ‘<func>(<par>, …)‘ };
drop procedure <proc>;
alter {function | procedure} <name> compile [debug];
call {<proc> | <func> | <method>}[@<dblink>] (<expr> [, …])[into <:var> [indicator <:ind>]];
Java
create [or replace] [and {resolve | compile} [noforce] java { {source | resource} named “<java>” | class [schema <schema>] } [authid {current_user | definer}] [resolver ( (“<pack/class | * >“ [,] {<schema> | - } ) […] )]{ as <src_text> | using { bfile (<dir>, ‘<file>‘) | {clob | blob | bfile} <subquery> | ‘<key_for_BLOB>‘} };
alter java {source | class} “<java>” [resolver…] { {compile | resolve} | authid {current_user | definer} };
drop java {source | class | resource} “<java>”;
Miscellaneous
create [or replace] library <lib> {is | as} ‘<file>‘;
drop library <lib>;
create [or replace] operator <oper> binding (<type> [, …]) return <type> [ancillary to <prim> (<type> [, …] )] [with index context] [scan context] [compute ancillary data] using <func>;
create [or replace] indextype <itype>for <oper> (<par> [, …]) using <package>;
create [or replace] context <namespace> using <pack|type>;
drop context <namespace>;
create schema authorization <schema> {create table… | create view… | grant…};
explain plan [set statement_id = ‘<string>’] [into <tab>] for <stat>;
create [or replace] outline <outln> [for category <cat>] on <stat>;
alter outline <outln> { rebuild | rename to <new> | change category to <newcat> };
drop outline <outln>;
Boolean Conditions
AND
true
false
null
OR
true
false
null
NOT
true
true
false
null
true
true
true
true
true
false
false
false
false
false
false
true
false
null
false
true
null
null
false
null
null
true
null
null
null
not null
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34 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
exec oracle define <symbol>;
exec oracle {ifdef | ifndef} <symbol>;
exec oracle {else | endif};
exec oracle option (<name> = <value>);
exec sql include {oraca | sqlca};
sqlca.sqlcode, sqlca.sqlerrm.sqlerrmc
exec sql enable threads;
exec sql declare <db> database;
exec sql connect {<:user> identified by <:pw> | <:user_pw>}[ [at <db>] using <:db>] { [in {sysdba | sysoper} mode] | [alter authorization <:new_pw>] };
exec sql whenever {not found | sqlerror | sqlwarning} { continue | goto <label> | stop | do {<routine> | break | continue} };
exec sql declare <tab> table (<col> <type> [not null] [, …]);
exec sql declare <tab> table of <obj_type>;
exec sql declare <type> type as { object ( <col> <type> [, …]) | varray (<size>) of <elem_type> | table of <obj_type> };
exec sql type <typ> is <datatype> [reference];
exec sql call <proc>(<par> [, …] ) [into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] ];
exec sql register connect using <:ext_proc> [{return | returning} <:cont>];
exec sql var <:var> is <type>{ [(<len> | <prec>,<scal>)] [convbufsz [is] (<n>)]| [convbufsz [is] (<n>)] };
exec sql [at <db>] allocate <:curs_var> [[indicator] <:ind>];
exec sql [at <db>] commit [work] [ [comment ‘<str>’] [release] | force ‘<id>’ [,<n>] ];
exec sql [at <db>] savepoint <sp>;
exec sql [at <db>] rollback [work][ to [savepoint] <sp> | force ‘<id>’ | release ];
Static SQL
exec sql [at <db>] select <val> into <:var>… from <tab> where <expr>…;
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] insert into {<tab> | (<subquery1>)} [(<col> [, …] ] {values (<expr> [, …]) | <subquery2>}[{return | returning} <expr> [, …] into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, …]];
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] update <tab> set <col> = <expr>[where {<expr> | current of <curs>}][{return | returning} <expr> [, …] into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, …]];
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] delete [from] {(<subquery>) | <tab>} [alias] [where {<expr> | current of <curs>}] [{return | returning} <expr> [, …] into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, …]];
exec sql [at <db>] execute begin <stat>; [, …] end; end-exec;
exec sql [at <db>] declare <curs> for <static_stat>;
exec sql open <curs> [using <:var>];
exec sql fetch <curs> into <:var> [, …];
exec sql close <curs>;
Oracle dyn. SQL method 1
non-query, no bind vars
exec sql [at <db>] execute immediate {<:str> | ‘<str>‘};
<str> may be PL/SQL block
Oracle dyn. SQL method 2
non-query, known number and types of bind vars
[exec sql [at <db>] declare <stat> statement;]
exec sql prepare <stat> from {<:str> | <str>};
exec sql execute <stat> [using <:var> [, …] ];
Oracle dyn. SQL method 3
query, known number of columns and known number and types of bind vars
[exec sql [at <db>] declare <stat> statement;]
exec sql [at <db>] prepare <stat> from {<:str> | ‚<str>‘};
exec sql declare <curs> cursor for <stat>;
exec sql [for <n>] open <curs> [using <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, …]];
exec sql [for <n>] fetch <curs> into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, …];
exec sql close <curs>;
Oracle dyn. SQL method 4
query, unknown number of columns or unknown number or types of bind vars
[exec sql [at <db>] declare <stat> statement;]
exec sql prepare <stat> from {<:str> | ‚<str>‘};
exec sql [for <n>] execute <stat> [using descriptor <bind_descr>];
exec sql [at <db>] declare <curs> cursor for <stat>;
exec sql describe bind variables for <stat> into <bind_descr>;
exec sql [for <n>] open <curs> [using descriptor <bind_descr>];
exec sql describe [select list for] <stat> into <sel_descr>;
exec sql [for <n>] fetch <curs> using descriptor <sel_descr>;
exec sql close <curs>;
ANSI dyn. SQL method 4
exec sql [for <n>] allocate descriptor [global | local] {<:descr> | ‘<descr>‘} [with max <100>];
exec sql prepare <stat> from {<:str> | ‘<str>‘};
exec sql describe input <stat>using [sql] descriptor [global | local] {<:descr> | ‘<descr>‘};
exec sql [for <n>] set descriptor [global | local] {<:descr> | ‘<descr>‘} { count = <n> | value <item_no> { type | length | [ref] indicator | [ref] data | character_set_name | [ref] returned_length | national_character | host_stride_length | indicator_stride_length | returned_length_stride | user_defined_type_{name | name_ length | schema | schema_length }} = <:var> [, …] };
exec sql [for <n>] execute <stat> [using [sql] descriptor [global | local] {<:descr> | ‘<descr>‘}] [into [sql] descriptor [global | local] {<:descr> | ‘<descr>‘}];
exec sql execute immediate {<:str> | ‘<str>‘};
str> may be PL/SQL block
exec sql [at <db>] declare <curs> cursor for <stat>;
exec sql [for <n>] open <curs> [using [sql] descriptor [global | local] {<:descr> | ‘<descr>‘}] [into [sql] descriptor [global | local] {<:descr> | ‘<descr>‘}];
exec sql describe output <stat> using [sql] descriptor [global | local] {<:descr> | ‘<descr>‘};
exec sql [for <n>] fetch <curs> into [sql] descriptor [global | local] {<:descr> | ‘<descr>‘} };
exec sql [for <n>] get descriptor [global | local] {<:descr> | ‘<descr>‘} { <:var> = countEmbedded SQL
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| value <item_no> <:var> = { type | length | octet_length | returned_octet_length | precision | scale | nullable | name | character_set_name | indicator | data | returned_length | national_character | internal_length | host_stride_length | indicator_stride_length | returned_length_stride | user_defined_type_{version | name | name_length | schema | schema_length} } [, …] };
exec sql close <curs>;
exec sql deallocate descriptor [global | local] {<:descr> | ‘<descr>‘};
Collections
exec sql [at <db>] collection describe <:coll> [ [indicator] <:ind>]get <attrib> [, …] into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, …];
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] collection append <:var> [ [indicator] <:ind>] to <:coll> [[indicator] <:ind>];
exec sql [at <db>] collection trim <:x> from <:coll> [[indicator] <:ind>];
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] collection set <:coll> [[indicator] <:ind>]to <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>];
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] collection get <:coll> [[indicator] <:ind>]into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>];
exec sql [at <db>] collection reset <:coll> [[indicator] <:ind>];
Objects
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object create <:obj> [indicator] <:ind>[table <tab>] [returning ref into <:ret>];
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object release <:obj>;
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object update <:obj>;
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object delete <:obj>;
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object deref <:ref> into <:obj>[[indicator] <:ind>] [for update [nowait]];
exec sql [at <db>] [for <n>] object flush <:obj>;
exec sql [at <db>] object set [ { * | <attrib> [, …] } of ]<:obj> [[indicator] <:ind>] to <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, …];
exec sql [at <db>] object get [ { * | <attrib> [, …] } from ]<:obj> [ [indicator] <:ind>] into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, …];
exec sql [for <n>] [object] free <:point> [[indicator] <:ind>];
exec sql [at <db>] [object] cache free all;
LOBs
exec sql [at <db>] lob append <:src> to <:dst>;
exec sql [at <db>] lob trim <:src> to <:x>;
exec sql [at <db>] lob assign <:src> to <:dst>;
exec sql [at <db>] lob copy <:x> from <:src> [at <:y>] to <:dst> [at <:z>];
exec sql [at <db>] lob erase <:x> from <:src> [at <:y>];
exec sql [at <db>] lob create temporary <:src>;
exec sql [at <db>] lob free temporary <:src>;
exec sql [at <db>] lob describe <:src> get { chunksize | directory | fileexists | filename | isopen | istemporary | length } [, …]into <:var> [[indicator] <:ind>] [, …];
exec sql [at <db>] lob enable buffering <:src>;
exec sql [at <db>] lob disable buffering <:src>;
exec sql [at <db>] lob flush buffer <:src> [free];
exec sql [at <db>] lob open <:src> [read only | read write];
exec sql [at <db>] lob close <:src>;
exec sql [at <db>] lob file close all;
exec sql [at <db>] lob file set <:file> directory = <:dir>, filename = <:name>;
exec sql [at <db>] lob load <:x> from file <:file> [at <:y>] into <:dst> [at <:z>];
exec sql [at <db>] lob read <:x> from <:src> [at <:y>] into <:buff> [with length <:z>];
exec sql [at <db>] lob write [append] [first | next | last | one] <:x>from <:buff> [with length <:y>] into <:dst> [at <:z>];
Context
exec sql context allocate <:cont>;
exec sql context use {<:cont> | default};
exec sql context object get <option> [, …] into <:var> [, …];
exec sql context object set <option> [, …] to <:var> [, …];
exec sql context free <:cont>;
Utilities
proc auto_connect={yes | no} char_map={varchar2 | charz | string | charf} close_on_commit={yes | no} code={ansi_c | kr_c | cpp} comp_charset={multi_byte | single_byte} config=<file> cpp_suffix=<ext> dbms={native | v7 | v8} def_sqlcode={yes | no} define=<name> duration={transaction | session} dynamic={oracle | ansi} errors={yes | no} errtype=<file> fips={sql89 | sql2 | yes | no} header=<ext> hold_cursor={yes | no} iname=<ifile> include=<path> intype=(<file, …>) lines={yes | no} lname=<lisfile> ltype={none | short | long} maxliteral=<1024> maxopencursors=<10> mode={ansi | iso | oracle} nls_char=<var> nls_local={yes | no} objects={yes | no} oname=<ofile> oraca={yes | no} pagelen=<80> parse={full | partial | none} prefetch=<1> release_cursor={yes | no} select_error={yes | no} sqlcheck={semantics | full | syntax} sys_include=<path> threads={yes | no} type_code={oracle | ansi} unsafe_null={yes | no} userid=<user>/<pwd>[@<serv>] utf16_charset={nchar_charset | db_charset} varchar={yes | no} version={recent | latest | any}
lnproc
Embedded SQL (cont.)
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36 Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide
#sql <mod> iterator <iter> [implements <intfc> [, …] ][with ( [sensitivity = {sensitive | asensitive | insensitive}] [holdability = {true | false}] [returnability = {true | false}] [updatecolumns = ‘<col> [, …] [<var> = <val>] [, …] )] (<type> [<col>] [, …]);
named or positional iterator
#sql <mod> context <cont> [implements <intfc> [, …]][with ( … <var>=<val> [, …] )];
#sql [ [<conn_cont_inst>, <exec_cont_inst>] ][<var / iter> =] { <SQL stat> };
>> Curly braces are part of syntax! <<
#sql { select /*+ <HINT> */ <expr> [, …] into <:[out] var> [, …]from <tab> [where <expr> …] };
#sql <iter> = { select <expr> [, …] from <tab> [where <expr>…] };
#sql { fetch <:iter> into <:var> [, …] };
<iter>.next(), <iter>.endFetch(), <iter>.close()
#sql { insert into… };
#sql { update… };
#sql { delete from… };
#sql { commit };
#sql { rollback };
#sql { set transaction <mode> [, isolation level <level>] };
#sql { call <proc> (<par> [, …] ) };
#sql <var / iter> = { values ( <func> (<par> [, …] ) ) };
#sql { set <:var> = <expr> };
#sql <iter> = { cast <:result_set> };
#sql { [declare <var> <type>;] begin <stat>; […] end; };
Utilities
sqlj –d[ir]=<dir> –encoding=<enc> –url=<url> –status –compile=false –user=<user>/<pwd>@jdbc:oracle:thin@<host>:<port>:<sid> –linemap –profile=false –ser2class –P–<opt> –C–<opt> –P–help –C–help –J–<opt> –version –help–alias –help–log –<key>=<value> { <in>.sqlj [<out>.java] … | <in>.ser [<out>.jar] … }
loadjava –d[efiner] –e[ncoding] <latin1> –f[orce] –g[rant] <user / role>, … –h[elp] –noverify –order –r[esolve] –a[ndresolve] –s[ynonym] –oracleresolver –R[esolver] “((<name> <schema>) …)” –o[ci8] –t[hin] –v[erbose] <true> –S[chema] <schema> –u[ser] <user>/<pwd>@<netserv> <classes> <jars> <resources> <properties>
dropjava –encoding <latin1> –h[elp]–s[ynonym] –{o[ci8] | t[hin]} –v[erbose] –S[chema] <schema> –user user>/<pwd>@<netserv> <classes> <jars> <resources> <properties>
publish –republish –h[elp] –version –describe –g[rant] <user / role>, … –role <role> –user <user> –password <pwd> –service <url> –schema <schema> –{ssl | iiop} <name> <class> [<helper>]
remove –r[ecurse] –h[elp] –version –d[escribe] –role <role> –user <user> –password <pwd> –service <url> –{ssl | iiop} <name>
sess_sh –h[elp] –version –d[escribe] –role <role> –user <user> –password <pwd> –service <url> –{ssl | iiop}
deployejb –generated <clientjar> –descriptor <file> –verbose –republish –beanonly –addclasspath
<path> –resolver <res> –h[elp] –keep –version –describe –p[roperties] <file> –user <user> –password <pwd> –role <role> –service <url> –{ssl | iiop}–credsfile <file> –useservicename –temp <dir> <EJBjarfile>
ejbdescriptor –{parse | dump} <infile> <outfile>
java2rmi_iiop –no_bind –no_comments –no_examples –no_tie –wide –root_dir <dir> –verbose –version –W <n>
java2idl
modifyprops –{o[ci8] | t[hin]} –u[ser] <user>/<pwd>@<netserv> {<key> <val> | <key> –delete}SQLJ
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Oracle Server 9i Quick Reference Guide 37
Views & Tables
dba_sa_audit_options, dba_sa_compartments, dba_sa_data_labels, dba_sa_groups, dba_sa_group_hierachy, dba_sa_labels, dba_sa_levels, dba_sa_policies, dba_sa_prog_privs, dba_sa_schema_policies, dba_sa_table_policies, dba_sa_users, dba_sa_user_compartments, dba_sa_user_groups, dba_sa_user_labels, dba_sa_user_levels, dba_sa_user_privs
Packages
SA_SESSIONprivs, {min | max}_level, comp_{read | write}, group_{read | write}, label, row_label,
sa_user_name, {save | restore}_defaults_
labels, set_label, set_row_label, set_access_profile, set_user_privs
SA_SYSDBA{create | drop | enable | diable}_policy
SA_COMPONENTS{create | alter | drop}_level, {create | alter |drop}_compartment, {create | alter | drop}_group, alter_group_parent
SA_LABEL_ADMIN{create | alter | drop}_label
SA_POLICY_ADMIN{apply | remove | enable | disable}_table_policy, {apply | alter | remove | enable | disable}_schema_policy
SA_USER_ADMINset_levels, {set | add | alter | drop}_compartments,
{set | add | alter | drop}_groups, drop_all_{groups | compartments}, set_user_labels, set_{default | row}_label, set_prog_privs
SA_AUDIT_ADMINaudit, noaudit, {audit | noaudit}_label, audit_label_enabled, {create | drop}_view
SA_UTL{numeric | numeric_row | data}_label, set_{label | row_label}Label Security
Performance Gains
• minimal for instance tuning
• large for application tuning
Oracle Performance Improvement Method
1. user feedback: scope and goals?
2. get full set of OS, database, and application
statistics for good and bad performance
3. sanity-check OS (over-used resources or hardware errors?)• CPU: user & kernel mode• disk: response times & queues• memory: paging• network: latency
4. check for top ten performance issues
5. build/refine conceptual model of system• inadequate single-user response time? points to application problems (investigate SQL and application internal statistics)• full CPU utilization? kernel mode (network or memory) user mode (non-database, database: top SQL)• serialization? investigate wait events
6. apply series of remedy actions ordered and stepwise
7. validate impact on statistics and user perception
8. repeat steps 5 to 7 until goals are met or become impossible
Emergency Performance Method
1. user feedback: throughput or response time problem? changes in environment?
2. hardware utilization (CPU, disk, memory, network)
3. constrained CPU or wait events?
4. emergency action to stabilize system
5. get reference data and perform detailed analysis
Top Ten Performance Issues
• connection management
• cursor sharing (bind variables, avoid dynamic SQL)
• I/O design (controller, bandwidth)
• redo log sizes and groups
• data block serialization (free lists, free list groups, block size, transaction slots, rollback segments)
• long full table scans (indexes, statistics)
• disk sorts
• recursive SQL (space management)
• schema errors and optimizer problems
• nonstandard initialization parameters (undocumented features) Performance
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